Collagen peptides types
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Types of Collagen Peptides: An Overview
Type II Collagen Peptides: Structure and Functional Activities
Type II collagen is a super-helical structure composed of three identical α1(II) chains and is a major component of animal cartilage. It can be extracted using acids, salts, enzymes, and auxiliary methods, and further hydrolyzed to produce collagen peptides. These peptides exhibit significant biological activities, including maintaining cartilage integrity, inducing immune tolerance, stimulating chondrocyte growth, and providing antioxidant benefits . The self-assembly properties and functional activities of type II collagen peptides make them valuable in the food industry, particularly in functional foods, food additives, and edible films .
Type I Collagen Peptides: Synthesis and Stability
Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen type in mammals, found in bones, skin, and other tissues. It can be hydrolyzed to produce peptides that exhibit high triple-helical content and stability. These peptides form homologous trimers and maintain a conformation similar to the native collagen triple-helix . The peptides also show resistance to trypsin digestion and can autoaggregate, which is influenced by ionic strength . Additionally, type I collagen peptides have been synthesized to include the collagenase cleavage site, resulting in heterotrimers with remarkable stability and dichroic properties consistent with the triple-helical fold .
Type V Collagen Peptides: Bioactivity and Stability
Type V collagen is another fibrillogenic protein found in fish skin, alongside type I collagen. Hydrolysis of type V collagen yields peptides with hyaluronidase inhibitory activity, which are stable in simulated gastrointestinal fluid and under various temperature conditions . These peptides, such as CPI-F3 and CPV-F4, show potential for biomedical applications due to their bioactivity and stability .
Collagen Peptides from Various Sources
Collagen peptides can be derived from multiple sources, including bovine, porcine, and marine origins. Marine sources, such as fish skin, scales, and bones, have gained attention due to their favorable properties and fewer health limitations compared to terrestrial sources . The extraction method and source significantly influence the properties of hydrolyzed collagen (HC), including molecular weight, solubility, and functional activity .
Functional Roles of Collagen Peptides in Health and Disease
Collagen peptides, particularly from type I and IV collagen, play crucial roles in regulating cellular processes. These peptides, generated through proteolytic cleavage, can influence cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis by acting through integrin receptors . The balance of collagen types in the extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential for tissue function, and alterations can lead to various health issues .
Applications of Collagen-Like Peptides and Peptide-Polymer Conjugates
Collagen-like peptides (CLP), also known as collagen-mimetic peptides (CMP), are used to study collagen triple-helix structure and create higher-order structures that mimic natural collagen fibers. These peptides are designed for high thermostability and can self-assemble through various intermolecular interactions . Recent developments include the production of polymer-CLP bioconjugates, which have applications in the biomedical field, such as in hydrogels .
Conclusion
Collagen peptides, derived from various types and sources, exhibit diverse functional activities and stability properties. Type II collagen peptides are particularly valuable for their biological activities and applications in the food industry. Type I and V collagen peptides show significant stability and bioactivity, making them suitable for biomedical applications. The ongoing research and development of collagen-like peptides and their bioconjugates continue to expand their potential uses in health and disease management.
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