Decreased calcium
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The Impact of Decreased Calcium on Health: Insights from Recent Research
Decreased Calcium and Bone Health in Hemodialysis Patients
Lowering dialysate calcium levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis has been shown to slow the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and improve bone turnover. A study involving 425 patients on hemodialysis found that those who received a lower dialysate calcium concentration (1.25 mmol/L) exhibited a significantly lower progression rate of CAC compared to those with higher calcium levels (1.75 mmol/L). Additionally, the prevalence of low bone turnover decreased significantly in the lower calcium group, indicating improved bone health.
Calcium Homeostasis and Aging
Aging is associated with changes in calcium homeostasis, including decreased calcium permeation across cell membranes and mobilization from organelles. These changes can lead to altered calcium-dependent biochemical and neurophysiological processes, potentially contributing to age-related neurological disorders. The sensitivity to diminished calcium availability varies among different cell types and compartments, with those heavily reliant on calcium-activated processes being more affected.
Dietary Calcium Deficiency in Laying Hens
In laying hens, a low-calcium diet leads to significant reductions in bone mineral density, bone strength, and egg quality. Hens on a low-calcium diet exhibited thinner cortical bones, more bone cavities, and fragmented trabecular bone networks, which are indicative of osteoporosis. This study highlights the critical role of adequate dietary calcium in maintaining bone integrity and overall health in avian species.
Trends in Calcium Intake Among Canadians
From 2004 to 2015, calcium intake from both food and supplements decreased among Canadians, with a notable decline in calcium supplement use from 27.5% to 22.0%. This reduction in calcium intake has led to an increased prevalence of calcium inadequacy, particularly among non-supplement users, where inadequacy rates rose from 58.0% to 68.0%. These findings underscore the need for public health interventions to address calcium deficiency in the population.
Raloxifene and Calcium Levels in Postmenopausal Women
Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has been shown to lower serum calcium levels and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). In a study, raloxifene administration resulted in a significant decrease in serum calcium and bone resorption markers, suggesting its potential as a treatment for managing calcium levels in this population.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Aging
Intestinal calcium absorption decreases with age, contributing to lower calcium levels in elderly individuals and those with osteoporosis. This reduction in absorption is linked to decreased serum levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, a key regulator of calcium metabolism. Enhancing calcium absorption through dietary or supplemental means could help mitigate age-related bone loss and osteoporosis.
Reversal of Adynamic Bone Disease by Lowering Dialysate Calcium
In patients with adynamic bone disease (ABD) undergoing peritoneal dialysis, lowering dialysate calcium levels led to reduced serum calcium levels and hypercalcemic episodes, along with increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and normalized bone turnover. This approach shows promise in managing ABD and improving bone health in dialysis patients.
Calcium Balance in Adult Dogs
Adult dogs on a low-calcium diet do not significantly increase calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in a negative calcium balance. This lack of adaptation suggests that dogs may require consistent dietary calcium intake to maintain bone health and prevent calcium deficiency.
High Calcium Mineral Water and Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women
Consuming high calcium mineral water (HCaMW) can lower serum PTH and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with low calcium intake. A study found that daily consumption of HCaMW significantly decreased serum PTH and bone turnover markers, indicating its potential to improve calcium status and reduce age-related bone loss.
Conclusion
Decreased calcium intake and absorption have significant implications for bone health, particularly in aging populations, individuals on hemodialysis, and animals. Addressing calcium deficiency through dietary adjustments, supplementation, and targeted treatments like raloxifene and HCaMW can help mitigate the adverse effects on bone density and overall health. Public health strategies should focus on ensuring adequate calcium intake to prevent deficiencies and associated health issues.
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