Definition of genetic engineering in biology
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Definition of Genetic Engineering in Biology
Introduction to Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification or biotechnology, is a sophisticated molecular biology technique that involves the deliberate manipulation of an organism's genetic material. This process typically includes the transfer of specific pieces of DNA from one organism to another, often across different species, to permanently alter the recipient's biological traits1 3 7.
Techniques and Methods in Genetic Engineering
DNA Transfer and Integration
The core of genetic engineering involves the transfer of selected DNA sequences into the cells of target organisms. This can be achieved through various methods such as microinjection, transposon-mediated insertion, or the use of viral vectors. These methods facilitate the integration of new genetic material into the host genome, leading to the expression of desired traits4.
CRISPR/Cas9 and Other Endonucleases
One of the most advanced and widely used techniques in genetic engineering is the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This technology allows for precise targeting and modification of specific DNA sequences, making it a powerful tool for genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 has largely supplanted older methods like zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases due to its efficiency and accuracy4.
Applications of Genetic Engineering
Agriculture
In agriculture, genetic engineering is used to enhance crop yields and improve resistance to pests and diseases. For example, genetically engineered plants with traits such as herbicide and insect resistance have been commercially grown since 1996. These modifications help in reducing crop losses and minimizing the need for chemical pesticides2.
Medicine
In the medical field, genetic engineering has revolutionized the production of pharmaceuticals. Techniques such as recombinant DNA technology have enabled the production of important proteins like insulin and human interferon in bacterial cells. This has significant implications for treating diseases and understanding genetic disorders6.
Synthetic Biology
Synthetic biology is an emerging field that combines genetic engineering with the synthesis of biological components and systems. By manipulating DNA, scientists can create new organisms or modify existing ones to perform specific functions, which has potential applications in various industries including biotechnology and environmental science9.
Ethical and Environmental Considerations
While genetic engineering offers numerous benefits, it also raises important ethical and environmental questions. Concerns about the long-term effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on ecosystems and human health are ongoing. Continuous research and regulatory oversight are essential to address these issues and ensure the safe application of genetic engineering technologies2.
Conclusion
Genetic engineering is a transformative field in biology that involves the precise manipulation of genetic material to achieve desired traits in organisms. Through advanced techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, it has applications in agriculture, medicine, and synthetic biology. However, it is crucial to consider the ethical and environmental implications to harness its full potential responsibly.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering involves transferring selected genetic code (DNA) from one organism to another organism's cells, altering their biological traits for desired traits, such as increased yield or resistance to certain diseases.
Highly CitedGenetic Engineering and Editing of Plants: An Analysis of New and Persisting Questions.
Genetic engineering and genome editing of plants raise questions about their environmental and human health effects, and this review explores new scientific perspectives on these topics.
Literature ReviewGenetic engineering
Genetic engineering involves transferring selected genetic code (DNA) from one organism to another organism's cells, altering their biological traits for desired traits, such as increased yield or resistance to certain diseases in target farm crops.
Principles of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering uses various methods to modify DNA sequences, with CRISPR/Cas9 technology being the most widely applied method, and evolving technologies continue to revolutionize research in various fields.
Rigorous Journal