Definition of minerals
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Definition of Minerals
Naturally Occurring and Inorganic Substances
Minerals are naturally occurring substances that are not man-made and are inorganic, meaning they are not derived from living organisms such as plants or animals . These substances are typically found in the Earth's crust and are integral to various natural and industrial processes.
Crystalline Structure and Chemical Composition
A defining characteristic of minerals is their crystalline structure, which is an orderly arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a lattice. This structure gives minerals their distinct physical properties and shapes. Additionally, minerals have a specific chemical composition that can either be exact or vary within certain limits . For example, halite (NaCl) and quartz (SiO2) are minerals with well-defined chemical formulas.
Classification and Nomenclature
Minerals are classified based on their chemical composition and crystal structure. They belong to different chemical groups that represent their affiliation with certain elements or compounds. The naming of minerals often ends with the suffix "-ite" and can include prefixes to indicate variations in chemical composition. For instance, Mn-Cummingtonite is a distinct mineral where manganese replaces a portion of the iron and magnesium.
Types of Minerals
Minerals are broadly categorized into two types: metallic and non-metallic. Metallic minerals contain metal elements and are typically lustrous and conductive, while non-metallic minerals do not contain metal elements and have varied appearances and properties.
Physical Properties
The physical properties of minerals, such as hardness, color, luster, and cleavage, are determined by their internal crystal structure and chemical composition. These properties are essential for identifying and classifying minerals in both field and laboratory settings.
Importance and Applications
Minerals play a crucial role in various industries, including metallurgy, gemology, and construction. They are used in making jewelry, art, utensils, machinery, and many other everyday items . The study of minerals, known as mineralogy, has evolved to include new high-pressure and high-temperature minerals, as well as those formed through biological processes.
Conclusion
In summary, minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic substances with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. They are classified based on their chemical and physical properties and have significant applications in various fields. Understanding minerals is essential for advancements in science, technology, and industry.
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