Depression and covid

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Depression and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview

Prevalence of Depression During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted mental health worldwide, with a notable increase in depression rates. A meta-analysis of community-based studies found that the pooled prevalence of depression during the pandemic was 25%, a stark increase compared to the global estimated prevalence of 3.44% in 2017 . Another systematic review and meta-analysis reported a prevalence of depression at 15.97% among affected populations, highlighting the widespread mental health impact of the pandemic .

Depression Among Specific Populations

Children and Adolescents

The mental health of children and adolescents has also been severely affected. A meta-analysis revealed that the global prevalence of clinically elevated depression symptoms in youth during the pandemic was 25.2%, which is double the pre-pandemic estimates . Another study confirmed an increase in depression symptoms among children and adolescents, particularly among females and those from higher-income backgrounds .

Healthcare Workers

Healthcare professionals have faced extreme psychological stress during the pandemic. A systematic review found that the prevalence of depression among health professionals was 39.82%, with anxiety and stress also being highly prevalent . The mental health burden on healthcare workers underscores the need for targeted psychological interventions.

Post-COVID-19 Syndrome

Post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by persistent symptoms following recovery from the acute phase of the virus, includes a significant prevalence of depression. Studies have shown that the frequency of depressive symptoms more than 12 weeks after infection ranges from 11-28%, with clinically significant depression affecting 3-12% of individuals . Biomarkers such as increased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been associated with post-COVID depression, indicating an inflammatory basis for these symptoms .

Factors Influencing Depression During COVID-19

Several factors have been identified as influencing the prevalence and severity of depression during the pandemic. High levels of loneliness, COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance were significantly associated with clinical levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms among young adults . Additionally, having a family member infected with COVID-19, suffering from severe COVID-19 infection, and frequent social media use for COVID-19 information were independently associated with higher depression rates .

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in depression across various populations, including the general public, children and adolescents, healthcare workers, and those experiencing post-COVID-19 syndrome. Addressing this mental health crisis requires comprehensive strategies, including regular screening, targeted psychological interventions, and support systems to mitigate the long-term impact on mental health.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of community-based studies

Introduction COVID-19 pandemic, declared on March 11, 2020, constitute an extraordinary health, social and economic global challenge. The impact on people's mental health is expected to be high. This paper sought to systematically review community-based studies on depression conducted during the COVID-19 and estimate the pooled prevalence of depression. Method We searched for cross-sectional, community-based studies listed on PubMed or Web of Science from January 1, 2020 to May 8, 2020 that reported prevalence of depression. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled proportion of depression. Results A total of 12 studies were included in the meta-analysis, with prevalence rates of depression ranging from 7.45% to 48.30%. The pooled prevalence of depression was 25% (95% CI: 18%−33%), with significant heterogeneity between studies (I 2 =99.60%, p <.001). Conclusions Compared with a global estimated prevalence of depression of 3.44% in 2017, our pooled prevalence of 25% appears to be 7 times higher, thus suggesting an important impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on people's mental health. Addressing mental health during and after this global health crisis should be placed into the international and national public health agenda to improve citizens’ wellbeing.

Meta-AnalysisVery Rigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

736citations

·J. Bueno-Notivol et al.

International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP·

DOI

Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective . We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and Psychological distress (PD) related to COVID-19 among affected populations. Methods . We searched articles in Medline, Embase, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. Random-effects meta-analyses on the proportions of individuals with symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, PTSD, and PD were generated and between-group differences for gender, healthcare workers (HCWs), and regions where studies were conducted. Results . A total of 2189 articles were screened, 136 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-five peer-reviewed studies met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis (N=189,159). The prevalence of depression (k=46) was 15.97% (95%CI, 13.24-19.13). The prevalence of anxiety (k=54) was 15.15% (95%CI, 12.29-18.54). The prevalence of insomnia (k=14) was 23.87% (95%CI, 15.74-34.48). The prevalence of PTSD (k=13) was 21.94% (95%CI, 9.37-43.31). Finally, the prevalence of psychological distress (k=19) was 13.29% (95%CI, 8.80-19.57). Between-group differences were only found in HCWs (z=2.69, p < .05) who had a higher prevalence of insomnia than others. Conclusions . Findings suggest that the short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19 are equally high across affected countries, and across gender. However, reports of insomnia are significantly higher among HCWs than the general population.

Meta-AnalysisRigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

808citations

·J. Cénat et al.

Psychiatry Research·

DOI

Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis.

During COVID-19, 1 in 4 youth globally experienced clinically elevated depression symptoms, while 1 in 5 youth experienced clinically elevated anxiety symptoms.

Meta-AnalysisVery Rigorous JournalHighly Cited

2021·

2216citations

·N. Racine et al.

JAMA pediatrics·

DOI

Biomarkers of Post-COVID Depression

Post-COVID depression is linked to increased levels of inflammatory mediators and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factors, similar to the leading inflammatory hypothesis of major depressive disorder.

Systematic ReviewRigorous JournalHighly Cited

2021·

85citations

·Piotr Lorkiewicz et al.

Journal of Clinical Medicine·

DOI

Onset and frequency of depression in post-COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review

Post-COVID-19 syndrome occurs in 11-28% of patients, with clinically-significant depression occurring in 3-12%, but severity of acute COVID-19 is not associated with depressive symptoms.

Systematic ReviewHighly Cited

2021·

325citations

·Olivier Renaud-Charest et al.

Journal of Psychiatric Research·

DOI

The global prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and, insomnia and its changes among health professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis

During the COVID-19 pandemic, health professionals experienced a higher prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia, highlighting the need for psychological interventions to protect their mental health.

Meta-AnalysisHighly Cited

2021·

139citations

·S. Mahmud et al.

Heliyon·

DOI

Changes in Depression and Anxiety Among Children and Adolescents From Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, children and adolescents experienced an increase in depression symptoms, particularly among females and those from higher-income backgrounds.

Meta-AnalysisHighly Cited

2023·

281citations

·S. Madigan et al.

JAMA pediatrics·

DOI

People with Suspected COVID-19 Symptoms Were More Likely Depressed and Had Lower Health-Related Quality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy

Health literacy can protect against depression and improve health-related quality of life in people with suspected COVID-19 symptoms.

Observational StudyRigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

487citations

·H. Nguyen et al.

Journal of Clinical Medicine·

DOI

Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health

High levels of loneliness, COVID-19-specific worries, and low distress tolerance are associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms in U.S. young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Observational StudyRigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

949citations

·Cindy H. Liu et al.

Psychiatry Research·

DOI

Prevalence of depression and its association with quality of life in clinically stable patients with COVID-19

Abstract Introduction : High risk of mental health problems is associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study explored the prevalence of depressive symptoms (depression hereafter) and its relationship with quality of life (QOL) in clinically stable patients with COVID-19. Methods : This was an online survey conducted in COVID-19 patients across five designated isolation hospitals for COVID-19 in Hubei province, China. Depression and QOL were assessed with standardized instruments. Results : A total of 770 participants were included. The prevalence of depression was 43.1% (95%CI: 39.6%-46.6%). Binary logistic regression analysis found that having family member infected with COVID-19 (OR=1.51, P=0.01), suffering from severe COVID-19 infection (OR=1.67, P=0.03), male gender (OR=0.53, P<0.01), and frequent social media use to obtain COVID-19 related information (OR=0.65, P<0.01) were independently associated with depression. Patients with depression had lower QOL than those without. Conclusion : Depression is highly prevalent in clinically stable patients with COVID-19. Regular screening and appropriate treatment of depression are urgently warranted for this population.

Observational StudyRigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

192citations

·Yu-fen Ma et al.

Journal of Affective Disorders·

DOI

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