Development of coronary heart disease is related to
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Development of Coronary Heart Disease: Key Factors
Genetic Factors and Family History
Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). Studies have shown that individuals with a first-degree relative who has experienced a myocardial infarction are at a sevenfold increased risk of developing CHD themselves 2. Genome-wide association studies have also identified specific genetic markers, such as chromosome 9p21.3, which are linked to the premature onset of CHD 1.
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Lifestyle choices and environmental factors are critical in the development of CHD. Key risk factors include smoking, lack of physical activity, and poor dietary habits, which contribute to conditions like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity 17. These factors are modifiable, and interventions aimed at lifestyle changes have been shown to reduce the incidence of CHD 7.
Obesity and Weight Management
Obesity is a significant independent risk factor for CHD, particularly in men. Studies from the Framingham cohort have demonstrated that both antecedent relative weight and weight gain after age 25 are strongly related to the risk of angina pectoris and sudden death 3. Obesity exacerbates other risk factors such as hypertension and high serum cholesterol levels, further increasing the risk of CHD 34.
Socioeconomic Status and Psychosocial Stress
Socioeconomic status (SES) and psychosocial stress are increasingly recognized as important contributors to CHD. Chronic stress, low SES, depression, and lack of social support have all been linked to the development of CHD 89. These factors can influence physiological mechanisms such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, endothelial function, and inflammatory responses, which are implicated in CHD pathogenesis 8.
Fetal and Early Life Factors
Emerging research suggests that the origins of CHD may begin as early as fetal development. Slow growth during fetal life and infancy, followed by rapid weight gain in childhood, has been associated with an increased risk of CHD in adulthood 5. This pattern of growth is also linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, which are known risk factors for CHD 5.
Serum Lipids and Blood Pressure
Elevated serum cholesterol levels and hypertension are well-established risk factors for CHD. The Framingham study has highlighted the importance of monitoring serum lipids, including cholesterol, phospholipids, and beta-lipoprotein fractions, as predictors of CHD 410. Effective management of these factors through lifestyle changes and medication can significantly reduce the risk of developing CHD 7.
Global Trends and Socioeconomic Development
The prevalence of CHD varies globally and is influenced by socioeconomic development. In developing countries, the prevalence of CHD is increasing, correlating positively with socioeconomic development as measured by the Human Development Index 6. Conversely, developed countries have seen a decline in CHD prevalence, likely due to better healthcare infrastructure and effective public health interventions 6.
Conclusion
The development of coronary heart disease is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay of genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and psychosocial factors. Understanding these risk factors and their interactions is crucial for effective prevention and management strategies. Future research should continue to explore these relationships to improve public health outcomes and reduce the global burden of CHD.
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A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death worldwide, with risk factors including diabetes, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, homocystinuria, and psychosocial stress.
Literature Review
Highly CitedPlasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease.
Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI1) may play a role in coronary artery disease risk, but the shared environment also contributes to the risk.
Highly CitedRelation of Body Weight to Development of Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Study
Overweight individuals are at a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease, particularly angina pectoris and sudden death, while obesity plays a negligible role in women without increased blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels.
Observational StudyHighly CitedRISK FACTORS IN CORONARY HEART DISEASE. AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL SERUM LIPIDS AS PREDICTORS OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE; THE FRAMINGHAM STUDY.
Serum cholesterol levels, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, vital capacity, relative weight, and electrocardiographic findings are key risk factors for coronary heart disease.
Observational StudyHighly CitedFetal programming of coronary heart disease
Slow fetal growth and accelerated weight gain in childhood are associated with coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension.
Highly CitedNational prevalence of coronary heart disease and its relationship with human development index: A systematic review
The prevalence of coronary heart disease is growing in developing countries with higher socioeconomic status, while declining in developed countries.
Systematic ReviewHighly CitedEpidemiology of coronary heart disease: the Framingham study.
Lowering "risk factors" can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases, but managing multiple factors should not interfere with each other for optimal health.
Highly CitedPsychosocial factors in the development of coronary artery disease.
Chronic stress, socioeconomic status, depression, and social support are linked to the development of coronary artery disease, and reducing their impact on cardiovascular risk remains a major healthcare challenge.
Highly CitedPsychological perspectives on the development of coronary heart disease.
Psychological science can contribute to understanding coronary heart disease development by integrating socioeconomic status, environmental stress, and person-level factors across a life span perspective.
Highly CitedSome factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease: six years' follow-up experience in the Framingham study.
Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are key factors associated with increased risk of developing coronary heart disease, but no single factor has been clearly demonstrated to be essential.
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