Dietary supplements for overall health
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Dietary Supplements for Overall Health: Usage Trends and Motivations
Dietary supplements are widely used by adults, with surveys showing that more than half of US adults regularly take them, primarily to improve or maintain overall health and wellness, and to fill nutrient gaps in their diets 17. The most common supplements include multivitamin-mineral products, calcium, omega-3 or fish oil, and vitamin D 17. Supplement use is more prevalent among women, older adults, and those who are already engaged in other healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding tobacco 179.
Types of Dietary Supplements and Their Purposes
Supplements encompass a wide range of products, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, botanicals, and specialty supplements 36. While many people take supplements for general health, others use them for specific reasons such as bone health (calcium), heart health (omega-3), or to address nutrient deficiencies 134. In some cases, supplements are recommended for particular groups, such as vitamin D and calcium for older adults, folic acid for women of reproductive age, and iron or vitamin A in populations at risk of deficiency .
Health Benefits and Limitations of Dietary Supplements
For individuals with nutrient deficiencies or increased needs, supplements can help meet nutritional requirements and support overall health 4610. However, for healthy people with balanced diets, evidence does not consistently show that supplements lower the risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease or cancer 458. Some studies suggest that daily low-dose multivitamin supplementation may reduce the incidence of cancer and cataracts, especially in men, but the benefits of high-dose or single-nutrient supplements are less clear .
Safety Considerations and Risks
While many supplements are safe when used appropriately, there are risks associated with excessive or inappropriate use. Overconsumption can lead to toxic reactions, interactions with medications, or contamination with harmful substances 2368. Some supplements, especially those marketed for weight loss or performance, may be adulterated or contain unlisted ingredients, posing additional health risks 38. Public health guidelines generally recommend supplements only for those with specific deficiencies or needs, not for the general, well-nourished population .
The Role of Lifestyle and Health Behaviors
Supplement users are often more health-conscious and tend to engage in other positive health behaviors, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising, and regular medical check-ups 179. However, supplement use should not replace healthy eating or lifestyle habits, as a balanced diet remains the foundation for good health 610.
Conclusion
Dietary supplements are commonly used to support overall health, fill nutrient gaps, and address specific health concerns. While they can be beneficial for those with deficiencies or special needs, their routine use in healthy, well-nourished individuals does not consistently prevent chronic diseases. Choosing supplements with proven efficacy and safety, and using them under the guidance of a healthcare provider, is important to maximize benefits and minimize risks. A balanced diet and healthy lifestyle remain the most effective strategies for maintaining overall health.
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