Difference between add and adhd
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Differences Between ADD and ADHD
Introduction to ADD and ADHD
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are terms often used interchangeably, but they refer to different manifestations of attention-related issues. Both conditions are recognized as legitimate and prevalent disorders affecting children and adults, but they have distinct characteristics and diagnostic criteria4.
Diagnostic Criteria and Evolution
DSM Criteria and Changes
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has evolved in its criteria for diagnosing these disorders. Initially, the DSM-III introduced the term Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) with and without hyperactivity. Later, the DSM-III-R combined these into a single category, ADHD, which includes subtypes such as inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined1 2. This change led to a broader diagnostic category, capturing a wider range of symptoms1.
Inattentive vs. Hyperactive-Impulsive Subtypes
ADD typically refers to the inattentive subtype of ADHD, characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention and focus without the hyperactivity component. ADHD, on the other hand, includes symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity in addition to inattention2 5. The DSM-IV reintroduced the inattentive subtype, recognizing the need to differentiate between these presentations2.
Cognitive and Behavioral Differences
Attentional Control Mechanisms
Research indicates that ADHD and ADD may involve different stages of attentional control. ADHD-combined type shows greater deficits in response inhibition, while ADD (inattentive type) exhibits issues with early-stage attentional control, such as an attenuated attentional blink3. This suggests that while both disorders impact attention, the underlying cognitive mechanisms may differ.
Executive Function Impairments
Both ADD and ADHD are associated with impairments in executive functions (EFs), which are crucial for self-management and daily task execution. However, ADHD is often more recognized for hyperactivity and impulsivity, whereas ADD is primarily linked to inattention and related cognitive challenges4.
Social and Functional Implications
Social Functioning
Children with ADD and ADHD exhibit different social behaviors. Those with ADHD (hyperactive type) may struggle more with impulsivity and hyperactivity, affecting peer relationships. In contrast, children with ADD (inattentive type) may face challenges due to their inattentiveness, which can also impact social interactions but in different ways7.
Long-term Outcomes
ADHD often persists into adulthood, with hyperactivity symptoms tending to remit more frequently than attention deficits. This can result in a residual type of ADD in adults, where inattention remains a significant issue2. Both conditions are risk factors for other mental health disorders and can lead to negative outcomes such as educational underachievement and difficulties in employment and relationships9.
Conclusion
In summary, while ADD and ADHD share some overlapping symptoms, they are distinct in their manifestations and underlying cognitive mechanisms. ADD is primarily characterized by inattention without hyperactivity, whereas ADHD includes hyperactivity and impulsivity. Understanding these differences is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, ensuring that individuals receive the appropriate support for their specific needs.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Are ADDH and ADHD the same or different?
ADHD and ADDH criteria are nearly identical, but a new group of hyperactive and impulsive children who are less clearly inattentive also meet ADHD criteria.
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Adult ADHD is a common mental disorder with recurrent brief depression, highlighting the need for thorough assessment and treatment planning.
Cognitive Control and Attentional Selection in Adolescents with ADHD Versus ADD
ADHD in adolescents is related to early-stage attentional control mechanisms, while ADD-combined shows greater weakness in response inhibition.
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ADHD prevalence is as high in many non-US children as in US children, challenging the belief that it is primarily an American disorder.
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