Does cannabis raise blood pressure
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The Impact of Cannabis on Blood Pressure: A Comprehensive Review
Introduction: Cannabis and Cardiovascular Health
Cannabis use has been increasingly scrutinized for its potential effects on cardiovascular health, particularly blood pressure (BP). This article synthesizes findings from multiple studies to understand whether cannabis raises blood pressure and the broader implications for cardiovascular health.
Acute Effects of Cannabis on Blood Pressure
Immediate Increase in Blood Pressure
Several studies indicate that acute cannabis use can lead to an immediate increase in blood pressure. This effect is likely due to the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system, which can elevate both heart rate and systolic blood pressure (SBP) . For instance, one study found that recently active cannabis use was associated with a modest increase in SBP among a large sample of U.S. adults.
Blood Pressure Variability
Cannabis use has also been linked to increased blood pressure variability (BPV). Active cannabis users showed higher variability in both SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) compared to non-users, suggesting that cannabis may cause fluctuations in BP levels. This variability could be a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, necessitating further research into the long-term effects of cannabis on BP regulation.
Chronic Effects and Withdrawal
Long-Term Use and Blood Pressure
Contrary to the acute effects, long-term cannabis use does not appear to be associated with sustained increases in blood pressure. A study analyzing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) found no significant association between a history of monthly cannabis use for more than one year and increased BP or prevalent hypertension in middle-aged adults. This suggests that while acute use may raise BP, chronic use does not necessarily lead to long-term hypertension.
Withdrawal and Blood Pressure
Abrupt cessation of heavy cannabis use can lead to significant increases in BP. In a study involving daily cannabis users, BP increased substantially during periods of abstinence compared to periods of active use, with some participants experiencing increases of up to 22.8 mm Hg in SBP and 12.3 mm Hg in DBP. This highlights the importance of monitoring BP in individuals attempting to reduce or quit frequent cannabis use, especially those with preexisting hypertension.
Special Populations: Older Adults
Blood Pressure Reduction in Older Adults
Interestingly, cannabis use has been associated with a reduction in BP among older adults with hypertension. A study found that after three months of cannabis treatment, older adults experienced significant reductions in both 24-hour SBP and DBP. This suggests that cannabis may have different cardiovascular effects depending on the age and health status of the user.
Conclusion: A Complex Relationship
The relationship between cannabis use and blood pressure is complex and multifaceted. Acute cannabis use can lead to immediate increases in BP and BP variability, while chronic use does not seem to be associated with long-term hypertension. However, withdrawal from heavy use can cause significant BP spikes. Additionally, older adults with hypertension may experience BP reductions with cannabis use. These findings underscore the need for further research to fully understand the cardiovascular implications of cannabis use across different populations.
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