Does cod have omega 3
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Cod: A Comprehensive Overview
Cod Liver Oil and Omega-3 Content
Cod liver oil is a well-known source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Studies have shown that supplementing a normal diet with cod liver oil significantly increases the levels of these omega-3 fatty acids in the body. This incorporation occurs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, affecting plasma, platelets, and erythrocytes1. The long-term intake of cod liver oil not only enhances omega-3 levels but also brings about favorable changes in lipid profiles and platelet function, contributing to a more antiaggregatory and vasodilatory state1.
Cod Liver as a Source of Omega-3
Research has also explored the potential of cod liver as a source of omega-3 PUFAs. Seasonal variations in lipid content and fatty acid composition have been observed in cod livers, with higher values typically found in the fall3. Cod livers, along with those from hake and ling, have been identified as suitable sources for producing omega-3-rich oils, making them valuable for dietary supplementation3.
Omega-3 Sparing Effect in Cod
In aquaculture, the fatty acid composition of cod can be influenced by dietary changes. Studies on Murray cod have demonstrated that replacing fish oil with various vegetable oils can affect the deposition of omega-3 PUFAs in fish fillets. Specifically, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and, to a lesser extent, saturated fatty acids (SFA) can reduce the catabolism of omega-3 PUFAs, leading to higher deposition rates of these beneficial fatty acids2. This "omega-3 sparing effect" highlights the potential for optimizing omega-3 content in farmed cod through dietary modifications.
Health Benefits of Omega-3 from Cod
The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly from fish sources like cod, are well-documented. Omega-3 PUFAs have been shown to reduce serum triacylglycerols and platelet aggregation, which are beneficial for cardiovascular health1. Additionally, omega-3 fatty acids from cod liver oil have been found to reduce the progression of chronic inflammatory lesions in the gut, demonstrating their anti-inflammatory properties4. However, recent systematic reviews suggest that while omega-3 supplements may not significantly impact all-cause mortality or cardiovascular events, they do reduce triglycerides and may offer other health benefits5.
Conclusion
Cod, particularly through its liver oil, is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids, including EPA and DHA. These fatty acids are crucial for various health benefits, including improved lipid profiles and reduced inflammation. The potential for optimizing omega-3 content in farmed cod through dietary adjustments further enhances its value as a dietary source of these essential nutrients. While the overall impact of omega-3 supplements on mortality and cardiovascular events may be limited, the specific benefits of omega-3 fatty acids from cod remain significant.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from cod liver oil can shift the prostaglandin I/thromboxane A balance to a more antiaggregatory and vasodilatory state, lasting for 5 months and reversing within 12 weeks after discontinuing intake.
Non-RCT
Highly CitedFish oil replacement with different vegetable oils in Murray cod: Evidence of an “omega-3 sparing effect” by other dietary fatty acids
Fish oil replacement with vegetable oils can increase omega-3 fatty acid deposition in Murray cod fillets, with MUFA and SFA having a "omega-3 sparing effect".
Highly CitedFish Liver Discards as a Source of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Fish livers from cod, hake, and ling are the most suitable species for producing omega-3 oil, with storage conditions having no significant effect on quality and oil composition.
Rigorous JournalDietary fish oil reduces progression of chronic inflammatory lesions in a rat model of granulomatous colitis.
A fish oil diet reduces chronic inflammation in the colon by decreasing thromboxane levels and shortening the course of colonic disease.
Non-RCT
Animal StudyHighly CitedOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish and plants shows little or no effect on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and stroke risk.
Meta-Analysis
Very Rigorous JournalHighly CitedThe anticancer effects of Vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs in combination via cod-liver oil: one plus one may equal more than two.
Combining Vitamin D and omega-3 PUFAs via cod-liver oil may have additive and synergistic anticancer effects, potentially benefiting prevention and treatment of various cancers.
Marine Omega-3 (N-3) Fatty Acids for Cardiovascular Health: An Update for 2020
Higher intake of omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, from fish and fatty fish is associated with lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality.
Literature ReviewHighly CitedOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish and plants does not show a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, or arrhythmia risk.
Meta-AnalysisVery Rigorous JournalHighly CitedOmega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Increasing omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish and plants does not show a significant reduction in all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, stroke, or adiposity.
Meta-AnalysisVery Rigorous JournalOmega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish Oil) Supplementation and the Prevention of Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation may help prevent clinical cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes, prediabetes, and high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Systematic ReviewRigorous JournalHighly Cited