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These studies suggest ecosystems function as dynamic, hierarchical systems where living organisms and their environment interact, with modularity and interlinked biota influencing community processes and material cycling.
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Ecosystems are complex networks of living organisms and their physical environments, interacting in ways that sustain life and drive ecological processes. Understanding how ecosystems function and interact with each other is crucial for grasping the dynamics of biodiversity, energy flow, and material cycling within and between these systems.
Modularity and Complementarities in Ecosystems:
Aboveground and Belowground Interactions:
Biotic and Abiotic Interactions:
Ecosystem as a Dynamic Ensemble:
Ecosystems function through complex interactions between living organisms and their physical environments, driven by modularity and various types of complementarities. The interconnectedness of aboveground and belowground components, along with the dynamic interplay of biotic and abiotic factors, shapes the structure and function of ecosystems. These systems are open, hierarchical, and evolving, underscoring the importance of biodiversity and environmental interactions in sustaining ecological processes.
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