Effect of forward walking on cardiovascular parameters among the military
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Effect of Forward Walking on Cardiovascular Parameters Among the Military
Introduction to Forward Walking and Cardiovascular Health
Forward walking is a fundamental physical activity that has been extensively studied for its benefits on cardiovascular health. This article synthesizes research findings on the impact of forward walking on cardiovascular parameters, particularly among military personnel, who often engage in walking under various conditions.
Cardiovascular Benefits of Forward Walking
Aerobic Capacity and Blood Pressure
Research indicates that forward walking significantly enhances aerobic capacity and reduces blood pressure. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials found that walking interventions increased aerobic capacity by 3.04 mL/kg/min and reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 3.58 mm Hg and 1.54 mm Hg, respectively. These improvements are crucial for military personnel, who require high levels of cardiovascular fitness for optimal performance.
Weight Management and Body Composition
Forward walking also contributes to weight management and improved body composition. The same meta-analysis reported reductions in waist circumference, weight, percentage body fat, and body mass index among participants who engaged in walking interventions. These changes are beneficial for military personnel, as maintaining a healthy weight and body composition is essential for physical readiness and overall health.
Impact of Load Carriage on Cardiovascular Responses
Walking with Military Backpacks
Military personnel often carry heavy loads, which can affect their cardiovascular responses during walking. A study evaluating the effects of modern military backpack loads on walking speed and cardiometabolic responses found that heavier loads significantly decreased walking speed and increased oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR). Specifically, peak VO2 and HR were higher with increased load percentages, indicating greater cardiovascular strain. This suggests that while forward walking is beneficial, the added weight of military equipment can impose additional cardiovascular demands.
Walking in Hot and Humid Environments
Walking in hot and humid conditions further exacerbates cardiovascular strain. A study on Malaysian Military Reserve Officer Training Unit (ROTU) female cadets found that walking with a load in a hot environment significantly increased heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and tympanic temperature compared to walking without a load. These findings highlight the importance of considering environmental factors when assessing the cardiovascular impact of forward walking in military settings.
Comparison with Backward Walking
Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption
While forward walking is beneficial, backward walking has been shown to elicit even greater cardiovascular responses. A study comparing forward and backward walking at various treadmill grades found that backward walking resulted in higher percentages of maximum heart rate (HRmax) and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) across all grades. This suggests that incorporating backward walking into training regimens could further enhance aerobic endurance and cardiovascular fitness among military personnel.
Conclusion
Forward walking offers significant cardiovascular benefits, including improved aerobic capacity, reduced blood pressure, and better weight management. However, the cardiovascular demands increase with the addition of heavy loads and challenging environmental conditions. Military training programs should consider these factors to optimize cardiovascular health and performance. Additionally, incorporating backward walking could provide further cardiovascular benefits, enhancing overall fitness and endurance.
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