Empagliflozin side effects
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Empagliflozin Side Effects: A Comprehensive Overview
Introduction to Empagliflozin
Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It works by increasing urinary glucose excretion, thereby improving glycemic control and reducing insulin resistance. Beyond its hypoglycemic effects, empagliflozin has shown benefits in heart failure and kidney disease management .
Common Side Effects of Empagliflozin
Genital and Urinary Infections
One of the most frequently reported side effects of empagliflozin is an increased risk of genital fungal infections and urinary tract infections. These infections are troublesome but generally manageable with appropriate medical treatment .
Symptomatic Hypotension
Empagliflozin can cause symptomatic hypotension, particularly in patients with existing cardiovascular conditions or those on diuretics. This is due to its diuretic effect, which can lead to volume depletion and lower blood pressure .
Ketoacidosis
Although rare, empagliflozin has been associated with cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). This condition is characterized by high blood ketone levels and can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. Patients should be monitored for signs of DKA, especially during periods of illness or reduced food intake.
Less Common but Serious Side Effects
Renal Impairment
While empagliflozin has nephroprotective effects, it can also cause renal impairment in certain populations. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² are generally advised against using this medication due to the risk of worsening kidney function .
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Severe hypersensitivity reactions, although uncommon, have been reported. These reactions can include angioedema and anaphylaxis, necessitating immediate discontinuation of the drug and medical intervention.
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Effects
Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Death
Empagliflozin has been shown to reduce the risk of hospitalization for heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with T2DM and high cardiovascular risk. However, these benefits come with a need for careful monitoring of heart function, as the drug can cause symptomatic hypotension and other cardiovascular side effects .
Weight Loss and Metabolic Changes
Empagliflozin contributes to weight loss and improved metabolic parameters, which are generally beneficial but can also lead to electrolyte imbalances and dehydration if not properly managed .
Conclusion
Empagliflozin is a valuable medication for managing T2DM and offers additional benefits for heart failure and kidney disease. However, it is associated with several side effects, including genital and urinary infections, symptomatic hypotension, and rare cases of ketoacidosis. Patients should be closely monitored to manage these risks effectively.
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