Energy of black hole
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Energy of Black Holes: Mechanisms and Implications
Extraction of Energy from Black Holes
Rotational Energy Extraction
One of the primary mechanisms for extracting energy from a black hole is through the rotational energy of a Kerr black hole. Misner demonstrated that certain modes of massless wave fields are amplified when scattered by a Kerr black hole, effectively extracting rotational energy from the black hole1. This phenomenon can be understood through Hawking's theorem, which states that the area of a black hole can never decrease. This principle also applies to charged black holes, where charged wave fields can extract Coulomb energy and charge from the black hole1.
Electromagnetic Extraction
Another significant method involves electromagnetic processes. When a rotating black hole is threaded by magnetic field lines, an electric potential difference is induced, leading to the production of electron-positron pairs and the establishment of a force-free magnetosphere. This setup allows for the extraction of energy and angular momentum electromagnetically10. This mechanism is particularly relevant in models of active galactic nuclei, where a massive black hole surrounded by a magnetized accretion disc can accelerate relativistic electrons, minimizing energy losses10.
Penrose Process
The Penrose process is a classical mechanism where energy is extracted from a rotating black hole by splitting particles in the ergosphere, with one particle falling into the black hole and the other escaping with more energy than the original particle9. This process is highly efficient and does not require the black hole to be rotating, as energy can also be extracted via Hawking radiation, a quantum mechanical process9.
Interaction Energy Between Black Holes
Spin-Spin Interaction
The interaction energy between two black holes at large separation distances includes a Newtonian term and a spin-spin interaction term. This interaction energy is crucial for understanding the dynamics of black hole binaries and their eventual mergers2. The spin-spin interaction, in particular, plays a significant role in the energy dynamics of such systems.
Gravitational Energy and Radiation
The energy configuration of a charged black hole can be analyzed using the teleparallel framework of general relativity. This approach reveals how the energy-momentum tensor of the gravitational field contributes to the total energy of the system, and how it transforms in different frames of reference3. Additionally, the escape of photons from a black hole provides an exact energy expression, showing that the mass within the black hole's horizon is twice its observed mass at infinity, which is important for understanding gravitational waves in black hole collisions4.
Quantum and Dark Energy Effects
Quantum Radiation
Quantum effects play a significant role in black hole energy dynamics. For instance, quantum radiation from an evaporating non-singular black hole can lead to an outburst of energy from the inner domain of the black hole, which can be exponentially large due to mass inflation effects6. Properly choosing the redshift function can mitigate these effects, but the emitted energy can still be substantial, highlighting the importance of back-reaction effects in modeling non-singular evaporating black holes6.
Dark Energy Influence
Dark energy also affects black hole radiation. It lowers the Hawking temperature, extending the black hole's lifetime, and enhances the non-thermal effects of radiation, increasing the "dark information" stored in the radiation7. This dark information, which is correlated among non-thermally radiated particles, could potentially be probed through non-local coincidence measurements7.
Conclusion
The energy dynamics of black holes encompass a variety of mechanisms, from classical processes like the Penrose process to quantum effects and electromagnetic interactions. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending the behavior of black holes, their interactions, and their role in cosmic phenomena such as ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and gravitational waves. The influence of dark energy and quantum effects further complicates these dynamics, offering rich avenues for future research.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Extraction of energy and charge from a black hole
A charged wave field can be amplified by a charged black hole, extracting charge and Coulomb energy, and demonstrating a spin-spin force between a Kerr black hole and a nearby spinning particle.
Highly CitedBlack Hole Interaction Energy
The interaction energy between two black holes at large separation distances is calculated using the Newtonian interaction between masses and the spin-spin interaction, with no test particle approximation.
Gravitational energy and radiation of a charged black hole
In an accelerated frame, a Poynting-like flux appears for the gravitational field but not for the electromagnetic field, indicating a transformation in the energy configuration of a charged black hole.
Letter: The Gravitational Energy of a Black Hole
The mass of a black hole within its horizon is twice its mass as observed at infinity, aiding in understanding gravitational waves in black hole collisions.
Energy conservation for dynamical black holes.
The energy conservation law for black holes explains their growth and regularity, providing a measure of gravitational radiation and a Gibbs-like equation for energy supply.
Highly CitedQuantum radiation from an evaporating nonsingular black hole
Quantum radiation from an evaporating non-singular black hole can be resolved by choosing a proper redshift function, but even in this case the emitted energy can be larger than the initial mass of the evaporating black hole.
Dark information of black hole radiation raised by dark energy
Dark energy lowers the Hawking temperature and increases the stored dark information in black hole radiation, making them have longer life times and potentially probed through non-local coincidence measurements.
Supermassive Black Holes as Possible Sources of Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Rays
Ultraefficient energy extraction from rotating supermassive black holes driven by the magnetic Penrose process could potentially produce ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, with constraints on the black hole's mass and magnetic field strength.
Highly CitedBlack hole as the ultimate energy source
Black holes could serve as the ultimate energy source, converting matter into energy through quantum mechanical processes without needing to be rotating.
Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes
Electromagnetic extraction of energy and angular momentum from rotating black holes can be achieved when the black hole is threaded by magnetic field lines, resulting in a force-free magnetosphere and allowing relativistic electrons to be accelerated at large distances.
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