Eyeball injury

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Eyeball Injury: Mechanisms, Clinical Features, and Prognosis

Sports-Related Eye Injuries

Common Sports and Mechanisms

Sports-related eye injuries are prevalent, with soccer, basketball, and badminton being the top culprits. Soccer accounts for 46.8% of these injuries, followed by basketball at 27.1%, and badminton at 16.8%. The primary mechanisms include ball strikes (74.7%), physical collisions (13.8%), and racket/equipment impacts (9.0%). Blunt force injuries dominate, making up 95.8% of cases, with closed globe injuries being particularly common (95.1%).

Injury Types and Zones

Different sports tend to cause specific types of injuries. For instance, basketball is more likely to result in open globe injuries (8.3%) due to physical collisions and equipment impacts. Soccer and basketball frequently cause posterior segment injuries, mainly from ball strikes. Badminton, on the other hand, is associated with a higher incidence of Zone II globe injuries and hyphema.

Visual Acuity Prognosis

The prognosis for visual acuity (VA) following sports-related eye injuries is closely linked to the initial VA at the time of injury. A significant correlation exists between presenting VA and final VA outcomes (r = 0.421). Despite the severity of some injuries, effective eye protection can mitigate the risk of long-term visual impairment.

Blunt Force Trauma and Eyeball Rupture

Numerical and Clinical Analysis

Blunt force trauma to the eyeball can lead to severe injuries, including ruptures. Numerical models simulating these injuries have shown that the location of the rupture is often opposite the point of impact . These models align well with clinical observations, indicating that the upper sectors of the eyeball are most frequently affected . Men are more likely to sustain such injuries, which can significantly impair visual acuity .

Impact Timing and Severity

Eyeball ruptures occur within the first 7-8 milliseconds after impact, especially when the striking object moves at speeds comparable to a human fist . Despite immediate specialist treatment, the average visual acuity post-injury is often reduced to 0.26 on the Snellen scale.

Urgent Hospitalizations and Injury Types

Seasonal and Demographic Trends

A retrospective analysis of eye injuries in the Perm region revealed that 89% of patients were men, with injuries occurring throughout the year. The majority of injuries were penetrating (81%), with corneal injuries being the most common (66%). Contusions and burns also contributed significantly to the injury profile.

Visual Acuity Outcomes

In cases of penetrating injuries, visual acuity improved in 34 out of 57 eyes, while it decreased in 8 eyes, leading to ophthalmectomy in 3 cases. For contusions, visual acuity increased in 39 out of 52 eyes. These findings underscore the importance of timely and appropriate medical intervention to improve outcomes.

Paintball and Modern Sports Injuries

Paintball-Related Trauma

Paintball injuries are particularly severe, often resulting in significant ocular damage and vision loss. A study of 14 patients found that 93% were male, with most injuries occurring in unsupervised settings without proper eye protection. Common injuries included hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, with many cases requiring surgical intervention .

Modern Sports and Long-Term Effects

Modern sports such as squash, paintball, and motocross are responsible for severe ocular injuries. Retinal breaks were the most common diagnosis during follow-up, with some patients experiencing long-term visual acuity below 20/100. Proper instruction, use of eye protectors, and routine ophthalmological examinations are crucial to prevent and manage these injuries.

Conclusion

Eyeball injuries, particularly those related to sports and blunt force trauma, can lead to significant visual impairment. The type and severity of the injury often depend on the sport and the mechanism of impact. Early intervention and effective eye protection are essential to improve visual outcomes and prevent long-term damage.