Introduction
Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is derived from the seeds of grapes and is known for its rich content of proanthocyanidins and other polyphenolic compounds. It is widely used as a dietary supplement due to its potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects. However, the safety of GSE, especially with long-term use and at various dosages, is a critical concern that has been addressed in multiple studies.
Key Insights
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General Safety and Toxicity
- Multiple studies have shown that GSE does not exhibit acute or subchronic toxicity in animal models, even at high doses. No significant toxicological effects were observed in rats fed with GSE at levels up to 2.5% of their diet for 90 days . The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 2% in the diet, equivalent to 1410 mg/kg body weight/day in males and 1501 mg/kg body weight/day in females.
- In a clinical study, healthy human subjects tolerated oral intake of GSE up to 2500 mg/day for 4 weeks without significant adverse effects. Minor changes in serum iron levels were observed but remained within normal ranges.
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Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity
- GSE has been tested for mutagenic potential using various assays, including the reverse mutation test, chromosomal aberration test, and micronucleus test. These studies found no evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity at tested doses . However, one study indicated slight mutagenicity at higher doses, suggesting the need for further research at lower doses to confirm safety.
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Effects on Metabolic Health
- GSE has shown potential benefits in reducing fat absorption and accumulation, which may aid in weight management and improve metabolic health. It inhibits fat-metabolizing enzymes and reduces lipolytic activity in adipocytes, suggesting its use as a natural weight control treatment.
- Long-term consumption of GSE in mice on a high-fat diet improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, and altered gut microbiota, particularly in the small intestine, which may contribute to its anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects.
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Health Benefits and Applications
- GSE is recognized for its broad spectrum of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activities. It is considered safe for use in food and pharmaceutical industries and has been granted generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status by the FDA .
Conclusion
The collective evidence from multiple studies indicates that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is generally safe for consumption, with no significant toxicological effects observed in both animal and human studies at various dosages. While some minor changes in serum iron levels and slight mutagenicity at high doses were noted, these findings were within normal ranges and warrant further investigation. Overall, GSE is well-tolerated and offers numerous health benefits, making it a viable option for use in dietary supplements and functional foods.