Health effects of veganism
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Vegan Diet Health Benefits: Cardiometabolic, Weight, and Chronic Disease Risk
Research consistently shows that vegan diets are linked to several health benefits, especially when compared to omnivorous diets. Vegans tend to have lower body weight, reduced body mass index (BMI), lower serum cholesterol, and lower blood pressure, all of which contribute to a reduced risk of heart disease and cardiometabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome Craig2009Selinger2022Termannsen2022+4 MORE. Vegan diets are also associated with a lower risk of certain cancers and may contribute to lower all-cause mortality, although the evidence for mortality is less certain Selinger2022Berlié2025Le2014+1 MORE. These benefits are largely attributed to higher intakes of fiber, antioxidants, phytochemicals, and unsaturated fats, and lower intakes of saturated fat and cholesterol Craig2009Koutentakis2023Łuszczki2023.
Nutritional Deficiencies and Health Risks in Vegan Diets
Despite these benefits, vegan diets can lead to nutritional deficiencies if not carefully planned. Key nutrients of concern include vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) Craig2009Bali2023Selinger2022+5 MORE. Deficiencies in these nutrients can result in anemia, neurological impairments, bone health problems (such as increased fracture risk), immune dysfunction, and, in some cases, mental health issues Bali2023Selinger2022Koutentakis2023+2 MORE. Vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and the elderly are at higher risk for these deficiencies and related health problems Bali2023Berlié2025.
Vegan Diets and Neurological Health
Vegan diets are rich in phytonutrients and antioxidants, which may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases . However, deficiencies in vitamin B12, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids are linked to cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and other neurological issues. The presence of antinutritional factors in plant foods can further impair nutrient absorption, making careful dietary planning and supplementation essential for maintaining neurological health Bali2023Clemente-Suárez2025.
Bone Health and Fracture Risk
While vegan diets offer many health advantages, they are associated with a higher risk of bone fractures, likely due to lower intakes of calcium, vitamin D, and possibly protein Selinger2022Berlié2025. This risk highlights the importance of including fortified foods or supplements to ensure adequate intake of these nutrients.
Recommendations for a Healthy Vegan Diet
A well-planned vegan diet can provide significant health benefits and reduce the risk of chronic diseases, but it requires attention to nutrient intake. Regular consumption of fortified foods or appropriate supplements for vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and omega-3 fatty acids is recommended to prevent deficiencies Craig2009Bali2023Marrone2021+4 MORE. Education and professional guidance are especially important for vulnerable populations and those new to veganism Berlié2025Łuszczki2023.
Conclusion
Veganism can be a healthy and sustainable dietary choice, offering protection against obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers. However, without careful planning and supplementation, it can lead to significant nutritional deficiencies and related health risks, particularly for bone and neurological health. With proper education and dietary management, the benefits of veganism can be maximized while minimizing potential harms Craig2009Bali2023Selinger2022+7 MORE.
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