How many chromosomes do you get from each parent

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Chromosome Inheritance from Each Parent

Human Chromosome Structure and Inheritance

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes, organized into 23 pairs. These pairs consist of 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females and XY in males) 12. Each parent contributes one chromosome to each pair, resulting in offspring receiving half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father 12. This means that each parent provides 23 chromosomes to their child.

Genomic Imprinting and Chromosomal Contribution

While each parent contributes an equal number of chromosomes, the functional activity of some genes or chromosomal regions can differ depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father. This phenomenon, known as genomic imprinting, affects the expression of certain genes and is crucial for normal fetal growth and development 245. Imprinted genes are typically regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, which can lead to the expression of a gene from only one parent without altering the gene's structure 45.

Chromosomal Organization in Gametes

In some organisms, such as the acoel turbellarian Polychoerus carmelensis, chromosomes from each parent can be observed in a highly ordered linear arrangement during early stages of cell division. This precise organization suggests that the chromosomes from each parent are aligned in a specific manner, which may be crucial for proper cell division and development .

Conclusion

In summary, each parent contributes 23 chromosomes to their offspring, resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes in humans. This equal contribution includes 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. The phenomenon of genomic imprinting further influences the functional activity of certain genes, highlighting the complexity of genetic inheritance and its impact on development.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Cytogenetics and Chromosomes are Two Terms That are Used Interchangeably

Chromosomes and cytogenetics are used interchangeably, with chromosomes being the well-organized DNA package in the cell nucleus.

2021·

0citations

·Rusu Teodor

Genomic imprinting in fetal growth and development

Genomic imprinting, affecting gene activity, is crucial for normal fetal growth, development, and behavior, and disrupting it can lead to abnormal phenotypes in humans and mice.

2002·

56citations

·M. Hitchins et al.

Identical linear order of chromosomes in both gametes of the acoel turbellarian Polychoerus carmelensis: a preliminary note.

The 17 chromosomes contributed by the egg were in precisely the same linear order as those contributed by the spermatozoon, suggesting that during certain stages before first cleavage metaphase, highly specific bonds may have attached them end-to-end.

1970·

37citations

·D. Costello

Imprinting disorders in humans: a review

Imprinted genes can cause various human disorders, with environmental factors and nutrition affecting DNA methylation, potentially impacting fetal development and pregnancy complications.

Literature Review

2020·

34citations

·M. Butler

Genomic Imprinting and Physiological Processes in Mammals

Genomic imprinting plays a significant role in mammalian physiology, influencing brain functions and associated diseases.

Very Rigorous JournalHighly Cited

2019·

354citations

·V. Tucci et al.

Paper 8: MicroRNAs and the skin: tiny players in the body’s largest organ

Humans inherit 23 chromosomes from each parent to form a diploid genome consisting of 46 chromosomes. Although the exact number of total protein-coding genes within our genome remains unclear, initial estimates of >100,000 genes have recently been refined to 20,000- 25,000 genes [1]. However, only a small subset of these genes is actually active, giving rise to approximately 210 different cell types and tissues of the human body, including the skin. While much focus and research has been devoted to protein-coding genes, the majority of the genome actually consists of non-coding genes and regions. For a long time, these non-coding DNA regions were regarded as evolutionarily conserved junk DNA. Recent findings, however, proved this to be vastly untrue.

2016·

1citation

·M. Sand

X Chromosome

Females have one functional copy of the X chromosome in each body cell due to X-inactivation, which ensures that both inherited X chromosomes are active in some cells.

2019·

21citations

·Mark Ross et al.

Impacts and Effects of Chromosome Abnormalities

Chromosome abnormalities will occur by accidentally when egg or sperm is formed during early stage of fetus. Our body have 23 pairs of chromosomes for total of 46 chromosomes; half comes from mother and another half from father. Every chromosome has thousands of genes which help to make protein that directs the body growth, development and chemical reactions.

2020·

0citations

·K. Nguyen

Nondisjunction of human acrocentric chromosomes: studies of 432 trisomic fetuses and liveborns

There is little variation in the origin of nondisjunction among the five acrocentric trisomies, and nondisjunction stage is similar across all five, with no association to survival to term.

Observational StudyHighly Cited

1994·

70citations

·M. Zaragoza et al.

CHROMOSOMES

Chromosome abnormalities cause approximately 60-80% of miscarriages, 10% of stillbirths, and contribute to most cancers, developmental delays, and mental retardation.

2020·

0citations

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