How many electrons can d orbital hold

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Electron Capacity of d Orbitals

Introduction to d Orbitals

The d orbitals are a set of five orbitals found in the electron configuration of atoms. These orbitals are crucial in understanding the chemical bonding and properties of transition metals and other elements. The d orbitals are characterized by their unique shapes and orientations, which allow them to participate in various types of chemical interactions.

Electron Capacity of d Orbitals

Maximum Electron Capacity

The d orbitals can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. This is because each d orbital can accommodate two electrons, and there are five d orbitals in total (dxy, dyz, dzx, dx²-y², and dz²). Therefore, the total electron capacity is calculated as follows:

[ 5 \text{ orbitals} \times 2 \text{ electrons per orbital} = 10 \text{ electrons} ]

Distribution in Transition Metals

In transition metals, the d orbitals play a significant role in determining the chemical and physical properties of the elements. These orbitals are partially filled, which leads to unique bonding characteristics and magnetic properties. The presence of d electrons influences the formation of complex compounds and the behavior of metals in various chemical reactions .

Role in Chemical Bonding

The d orbitals are involved in the formation of bonds in transition metals and other elements. For instance, in heavy alkaline earth metals, the d orbitals contribute to the bonding by electron back-donation from the surrounding cage structures. This interaction leads to changes in bond lengths, stability, and electronic properties of the compounds .

Conclusion

In summary, the d orbitals can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, distributed across five orbitals. These orbitals are essential in understanding the behavior of transition metals and their compounds, influencing their bonding, stability, and electronic properties. The unique characteristics of d orbitals make them a critical component in the study of chemistry and material science.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Dyson-orbital concepts for description of electrons in molecules.

Dyson orbitals provide experimentally verifiable descriptions of electrons in molecules, aiding in spectroscopic and scattering experiments and enabling direct determination of their amplitudes and probability factors.

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The Persistence of p, d, f and g Orbitals in Compounds

The persistence of p, d, f, and g orbitals in compounds is supported by atomic spectra and photo-electron spectra, with local kinetic energy and total symmetry of closed shells playing crucial roles.

1980·

21citations

·C. Jørgensen

Small Amount Makes a Big Difference: Critical (n - 1)d Valence Orbitals of Heavy Alkaline Earth Metals inside Cage Clusters.

Heavy alkaline earth metals' valence orbitals in cage clusters include both ns and (n -1)d orbitals, affecting encapsulation stabilities, shortened Ae-cage distances, and lowered Ae valences.

2021·

3citations

·Le Yang et al.

The maximum occupancy condition for the localized property-optimized orbitals.

CLPOs, derived from single-determinant wavefunctions, nearly optimize total electron occupancy in the Lewis structure, linking them to Natural Bond Orbitals.

2019·

5citations

·T. Nikolaienko

Theoretical Basis for d-Orbitals

D-orbitals in the free atom have equal energy and electron distributions, and their overlap with 2s or 2p orbitals on ligands is crucial for understanding valence shell expansion.

1977·

1citation

·H. Kwart et al.

Orbital physics in transition-metal oxides

Orbital physics plays a key role in understanding metal-insulator transitions and properties in transition-metal oxides, with strong coupling to charge, spin, and lattice dynamics.

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2000·

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Characterization of d electrons in solids by structure I. Localized vs collective electrons

Localized d electrons in solids are characterized by their -c phase, while collective d electrons are characterized by their -c phase and their Fermi surface-dependent properties.

1967·

15citations

·J. Goodenough

On the role of d orbitals in sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur d orbitals contribute strongly to the binding energy of SF/sub 6/, allowing strong back transfer from fluorine ligands to positively charged sulfur, increasing molecular stability.

Highly Cited

1986·

127citations

·A. E. Reed et al.

Configuration Energies of the d-Block Elements

The configuration energies of d-block elements (groups 3-11) generally increase across a row, with the highest values occurring at nickel, silver, and gold, all lower than silicon's CE, except for gold, which has a CE equal to silicon's.

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2000·

206citations

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Orbital ordering phenomena in d- and f-electron systems

This paper explains common features of magnetism in d- and f-electron systems using orbital ordering, revealing a simple principle for understanding complex phenomena in both systems.

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