How many electrons can the d orbital hold
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Electron Capacity of the d Orbital
Introduction to d Orbitals
The d orbital is a type of atomic orbital that is crucial in the chemistry of transition metals. Understanding the electron capacity of the d orbital is essential for explaining the electronic structure and properties of these elements.
Electron Capacity of d Orbitals
The d orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons. This is because each d orbital consists of five sub-orbitals, and according to the Pauli exclusion principle, each sub-orbital can accommodate two electrons with opposite spins. Therefore, the total electron capacity of the d orbital is calculated as follows:
[ 5 \text{ sub-orbitals} \times 2 \text{ electrons per sub-orbital} = 10 \text{ electrons} ]
Supporting Evidence from Research
Research on the persistence of p, d, f, and g orbitals in compounds confirms that the d orbital can indeed hold up to 10 electrons. This is observed in both gaseous molecules and condensed matter, including metallic lanthanides, where the d-like orbitals are partly filled2. The analysis of atomic spectra and photo-electron spectra further supports this electron capacity, emphasizing the role of local kinetic energy and the total symmetry of closed shells2.
Conclusion
In summary, the d orbital can hold a maximum of 10 electrons, distributed across its five sub-orbitals. This understanding is supported by various spectroscopic analyses and theoretical models, which highlight the importance of d orbitals in the electronic structure of transition metals and other elements.
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