Impact definition in scientific research
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Defining "Impact" in Scientific Research
Research Impact: Core Definitions and Key Elements
In scientific research, "impact" is commonly defined as the effect that research has beyond academia, including how it guides policy, informs decision-making, and improves understanding in various fields. Most definitions share the idea that research should serve the public good, either directly or indirectly, by contributing to evidence-based policies or enhancing knowledge in a subject area . Impact is also described as the real-world change that research brings about, such as health, economic, or cultural benefits, in addition to expanding the academic knowledge base 24.
Types and Levels of Research Impact
Research impact can be conceptualized in several ways:
- Positive Changes or Effects: Some definitions focus on the positive changes that research evidence can bring when applied to policy or practice .
- Measurable Outcomes: Others interpret impact as outcomes that can be quantified, such as improvements in health or economic indicators 62.
- Micro- and Macro-Impacts: Impact can occur at different levels, from small-scale interactions (micro-impacts) between researchers and stakeholders, to larger societal changes (macro-impacts) that result from the accumulation of these smaller effects .
- Direct and Indirect Impacts: While many metrics capture direct impacts, such as citations or policy changes, indirect and diffuse impacts—like shifts in public understanding—are also important and should be measured .
Challenges in Defining and Measuring Impact
Despite its importance, the term "impact" is used in various ways and often lacks a clear, standard definition. The meaning can depend on whether impact is seen as a one-time event, a continual process, or a cumulative effect over time . There is also a tendency in the literature to discuss impact without explicitly defining it, leading to conceptual ambiguity . Furthermore, measuring impact is complex due to the many ways knowledge is generated and used, and because robust assessment methods can be labor-intensive and not always feasible 29.
Frameworks and Approaches for Impact Assessment
Several frameworks and methodologies have been developed to assess research impact, including:
- Payback Model, Research Impact Framework, and Societal Impact Assessment: These approaches evaluate both the outcomes of research and the processes that lead to those outcomes .
- UK Research Excellence Framework: Focuses on demonstrating the significance and reach of research impacts 36.
- 4D Model (Design, Deliver, Disseminate, Demonstrate): A structured approach to align research with practical benefits for academia, industry, and society .
- Micro-Impact Framework: Emphasizes the importance of small, observable interactions as building blocks for larger societal changes .
- Quantitative and Qualitative Metrics: These include citation counts, altmetrics, and policy/practice changes, but each has limitations in fully capturing the breadth of impact 810.
The Evolving Nature of Research Impact
The field of research impact assessment is rapidly evolving, with new methodologies and metrics being developed to better capture both direct and indirect effects of research. There is growing recognition of the need for conceptual clarity and for assessment tools that are adaptable to different disciplines and contexts 269.
Conclusion
In summary, "impact" in scientific research refers to the meaningful changes or benefits that research brings to society, policy, and knowledge. While definitions and assessment methods vary, the central idea is that research should make a difference beyond academia. Ongoing efforts aim to clarify the concept and improve how impact is measured, ensuring that research continues to serve the public good in diverse and measurable ways 12345678+2 MORE.
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