Iron deficiency anaemia nails
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Iron Deficiency Anemia and Nail Changes
Introduction to Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common cause of anemia worldwide, characterized by defective synthesis of hemoglobin, leading to microcytic and hypochromic red blood cells . This condition arises due to insufficient iron, which is crucial for various metabolic processes, including oxygen transport in the blood . Women of reproductive age are particularly susceptible due to menstrual losses and increased iron demands during pregnancy .
Nail Changes in Iron Deficiency Anemia
Koilonychia: Spoon-Shaped Nails
One of the hallmark signs of iron deficiency anemia is koilonychia, also known as spoon-shaped nails. This condition is characterized by thin, concave nails that can hold a drop of water . Koilonychia is a direct result of the body's inability to produce sufficient hemoglobin, which affects the growth and structure of the nails.
Nail Dystrophy and Iron Deficiency
In addition to koilonychia, iron deficiency anemia can lead to other forms of nail dystrophy. A case study reported a 31-year-old woman with a two-year history of nail dystrophy affecting both her toe and fingernails. The nails became white and flaky near the nail folds, eventually shedding and leaving a red granulating surface. Following iron therapy, her nails returned to normal, highlighting the reversible nature of nail changes with appropriate treatment .
Other Nail and Hair Changes
Iron deficiency, even without anemia, can cause various symptoms, including changes in nails and hair. A study found that 25% of patients with iron deficiency but without anemia reported hair and/or nail changes. This underscores the importance of recognizing iron deficiency as a potential cause of nail abnormalities, even in the absence of anemia .
Conclusion
Iron deficiency anemia significantly impacts nail health, leading to conditions such as koilonychia and other forms of nail dystrophy. Recognizing these symptoms can aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency, improving patient outcomes. Regular screening for iron deficiency, even in the absence of anemia, is crucial for addressing these often-overlooked symptoms.
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