Iron supplements types
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Common Types of Iron Supplements
The most widely used iron supplements are oral formulations, with ferrous sulfate being the simplest, least expensive, and most commonly prescribed option. Other traditional oral iron supplements include ferrous succinate and ferrous gluconate, which are also absorbed as ferrous ions. Additionally, ferric complexes with polysaccharides or succinylated milk proteins are available and used in clinical practice. These traditional forms are effective in treating iron deficiency but can cause gastrointestinal side effects, which may reduce patient compliance 12.
Novel Iron Supplement Formulations
Recent years have seen the development of new iron supplement types aimed at improving absorption and reducing side effects. Notable examples include ferric maltol, a lipophilic iron donor, and nanoparticle-encapsulated sucrosomial® iron. Another promising group is saccharide-iron (III) complexes (SICs), which offer high absorption rates and minimal gastrointestinal irritation. These newer formulations are being studied for their ability to treat anemia, reduce oxidative stress, and support immune function, making them attractive alternatives to traditional iron salts 12.
Iron Supplementation in Special Populations
For individuals who cannot tolerate oral iron or have conditions that limit absorption, intravenous iron therapy is an alternative that can quickly restore iron levels without gastrointestinal complications . In bariatric surgery patients, the type of surgery can affect iron supplement absorption. For example, ferrous sulfate is more bioavailable than some slow-release organic forms (like AspironTM) in gastric bypass patients, while the latter may be better absorbed in sleeve gastrectomy patients .
Iron-Fortified Foods and Dietary Approaches
Iron can also be delivered through iron-fortified foods, which is a practical and sustainable approach for the general population. Common vehicles for iron fortification include cereals, bakery products, dairy products, beverages, and condiments. The goal is to develop iron-rich ingredients and products with high bioavailability, stability, and low cost to prevent iron deficiency on a larger scale .
Efficacy and Side Effects of Iron Supplements
Oral iron supplementation is generally effective in correcting iron-deficiency anemia and replenishing iron stores. However, gastrointestinal side effects such as irritation or, in rare cases, severe gastritis can occur, especially in patients with underlying gastrointestinal conditions. Monitoring and follow-up are important to ensure safety and effectiveness 18.
Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and Athletes
Daily oral iron supplementation during pregnancy can reduce maternal anemia and iron deficiency at term, with little to no difference in other maternal or infant outcomes compared to placebo. Combining iron with folic acid may further reduce maternal anemia . In athletes with iron deficiency but no anemia, oral iron supplementation may improve performance, particularly in those with very low ferritin levels (<20 µg/L), though evidence is mixed .
Conclusion
There are several types of iron supplements available, including traditional ferrous salts, ferric complexes, and newer formulations like ferric maltol, sucrosomial® iron, and saccharide-iron (III) complexes. The choice of supplement depends on individual needs, tolerability, and specific health conditions. While oral iron remains the first-line treatment for most, newer formulations and intravenous options provide alternatives for those with absorption issues or intolerance. Iron-fortified foods also play a key role in public health strategies to combat iron deficiency.
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