Ischemia definition

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Ischemia Definition and Key Concepts

Ischemia: Reduced Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenation

Ischemia is defined as a reduction or complete cessation of blood flow to tissues, which leads to a decrease in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients necessary for cellular function and survival. This lack of blood flow can result in tissue injury, cellular death, and, if prolonged, organ dysfunction or loss 125.

Acute Limb Ischemia: Sudden Decrease in Perfusion

Acute limb ischemia specifically refers to a sudden decrease in blood flow to a limb, causing a rapid onset of symptoms such as pain, sensory changes, and, if not treated quickly, tissue necrosis and potential limb loss. The most common causes are arterial thrombosis, embolism, or arterial injury, which block the blood supply to the affected area 14.

Myocardial and Cerebral Ischemia: Organ-Specific Manifestations

Ischemia can affect different organs, such as the heart (myocardial ischemia) and the brain (cerebral ischemia). Myocardial ischemia is a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle, often causing chest pain (angina) or discomfort, and can lead to heart attacks if prolonged. Cerebral ischemia, on the other hand, refers to reduced blood flow to the brain, which can result in strokes and neurological deficits 35.

Pathophysiology: Cellular and Molecular Effects

The extent of tissue injury during ischemia depends on how much and how long blood flow is reduced. Ischemia disrupts cellular energy production, leading to a buildup of calcium inside cells, loss of cell membrane integrity, and eventually cell death. When blood flow is restored (reperfusion), additional injury can occur due to inflammation and oxidative stress, further damaging the tissue .

Conclusion

In summary, ischemia is a condition characterized by reduced or blocked blood flow to tissues, resulting in a shortage of oxygen and nutrients. This can cause cellular injury, tissue death, and organ dysfunction, with the severity depending on the duration and extent of the blood flow reduction. Prompt recognition and treatment are crucial to minimize permanent damage and improve outcomes 1245.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

High risk and low prevalence diseases: Acute limb ischemia.

Understanding acute limb ischemia can help emergency clinicians diagnose and manage this potentially deadly disease, with intravenous heparin and vascular specialist consultation for revascularization.

2023·

8citations

·Jacob Arnold et al.

Ischemia/Reperfusion.

Ischemic disorders cause tissue injury through reduced cellular ATP and intracellular pH, and therapeutic approaches must target multiple pathologic processes for effective treatment.

Highly Cited

2017·

540citations

·Theodore Kalogeris et al.

What is myocardial ischemia?

Myocardial ischemia is a clinical definition that is often unclear and inconsistent, affecting patients in various ways.

Highly Cited

1991·

108citations

·C. Richard Conti

Acute ischemia of the upper and lower limbs: Tailoring the treatment to the underlying etiology.

Early recognition of the underlying etiology is crucial for choosing the best management and treatment for acute limb ischemia, which can be life-threatening.

2023·

8citations

·C. Ferrer et al.

An Ischemia Model on a Chip

This "ischemia on a chip" model effectively simulates complex in vivo environments, allowing for investigation of ischemia-induced cellular responses and ischemic-healthy blood vessel communication.

2017·

0citations

·W. Yin et al.

Non-coding RNAs participate in the ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Non-coding RNAs play a crucial role in ischemia-reperfusion injury and may serve as biomarkers for detecting tissue damage in life-threatening conditions.

Rigorous JournalHighly Cited

2020·

85citations

·S. Ghafouri-Fard et al.

Ischemic Heart Disease: An Update.

Ischemic heart disease can be managed with lifestyle, pharmacological therapies, and revascularization, with noninvasive imaging being the initial test for diagnosis.

2020·

67citations

·R. Jensen et al.

Tackling Ischemic Reperfusion Injury With the Aid of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering

Tissue engineering using stem cells and biomaterials offers a promising toolkit to tackle ischemia-reperfusion injuries, potentially enabling new therapies and bridging preclinical and clinical settings.

2021·

20citations

·M. Zamorano et al.

Insights into the neuropathology of cerebral ischemia and its mechanisms

Understanding the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia can guide therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment.

2020·

54citations

·M. Ahad et al.

Comparative definitions for moderate-severe ischemia in stress nuclear, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging.

Stress nuclear imaging, stress echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance can effectively define moderate-severe ischemia, aiding in common understanding of patient risk and guiding management decisions.

Literature ReviewHighly Cited

2014·

182citations

·L. Shaw et al.

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