What kind of emotion in form of hatred toward outgroup?
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The Role of Hatred in Intergroup Relations
Understanding Hatred Toward Outgroups
The ANCODI Hypothesis: Anger, Contempt, and Disgust
Research has identified a combination of emotions—anger, contempt, and disgust (ANCODI)—as the core components of hatred, particularly in the context of intergroup aggression. These emotions collectively contribute to hostile cognitions and aggressive behaviors toward outgroups. Studies have shown that individuals primed with ANCODI emotions exhibit more aggressive thoughts and competitive decision-making against outgroups compared to those primed with other emotions like fear or sadness.
Anger and Automatic Prejudice
Anger plays a significant role in fostering automatic prejudice toward outgroups. Experiments have demonstrated that inducing anger in individuals leads to automatic negative evaluations of outgroups, unlike other negative emotions such as sadness, which do not produce the same effect. This suggests that anger is particularly relevant to intergroup conflict and competition, driving implicit biases against outgroups.
Morality-Based Group Memberships and Outgroup Hate
Groups formed around strong moral convictions often exhibit a natural occurrence of outgroup hate alongside ingroup love. Individuals in morality-based groups report more negative emotions and perceived threats from outgroups compared to those in non-morality-based groups. This interdependence of ingroup positivity and outgroup negativity highlights the emotional dynamics within morality-based social identities.
Ingroup Love vs. Outgroup Hate
Contrary to the belief that ingroup love and outgroup hate are reciprocally related, research indicates that ingroup identification can exist independently of negative attitudes toward outgroups. Much of the bias and discrimination observed in intergroup relations is driven by preferential treatment of ingroup members rather than direct hostility toward outgroups. Understanding the motivations behind ingroup formation and identification is crucial for addressing the roots of prejudice and discrimination.
Offensive Action Tendencies and Group-Based Emotions
When social identity is salient, group-based appraisals can elicit specific emotions and action tendencies toward outgroups. For instance, individuals who perceive their ingroup as strong are more likely to experience anger and a desire to take offensive actions against outgroups. This relationship between perceived ingroup strength and offensive action tendencies is mediated by the emotion of anger.
The Neurobiology of Hatred
The neurobiological underpinnings of hatred suggest that it shares similarities with the mechanisms of love, particularly in the context of social group dynamics. Interventions aimed at fostering social synchrony and empathy have shown promise in reducing hostile behaviors and prejudices toward outgroups. For example, programs designed for Israeli and Palestinian youth have demonstrated long-term positive effects on brain and behavior, promoting peacebuilding attitudes and reducing intergroup hostility.
Christian Nationalism and Outgroup Hatred
In the context of Christian nationalism, ingroup preference does not necessarily translate to automatic outgroup denigration. However, beliefs in Christian persecution can trigger animosity toward outgroups. This suggests that outgroup hatred among Christian nationalists is often contingent on perceived threats, highlighting the role of threat perception in driving intergroup animosity.
Conclusion
Hatred toward outgroups is a complex emotion influenced by a combination of anger, contempt, and disgust. It is particularly potent in contexts involving moral convictions and perceived threats. Understanding the emotional and neurobiological foundations of hatred can inform interventions aimed at reducing intergroup hostility and promoting more harmonious intergroup relations.
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