Lactobacillus acidophilus. lactobacillus acidophilus
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Lactobacillus acidophilus: Probiotic Benefits and Applications
Introduction to Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a well-known species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, and vagina, as well as various fermented foods. This Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium is recognized for its probiotic properties, which include bile resistance and the ability to adhere to intestinal microbiota, thereby promoting health by replacing pathogenic bacteria.
Genomic Insights and Functional Characteristics
The complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM reveals a genome size of 1,993,564 nucleotides, with 1,864 predicted open reading frames (ORFs). This strain is devoid of plasmids and has a GC content of 34.71%. Notably, the genome includes gene clusters for carbohydrate transport, protein degradation, and peptide utilization, which are essential for its survival in the gastrointestinal tract. Comparative genomic analyses of 46 strains have shown that L. acidophilus is a low-diversity, monophyletic species with commercial isolates being genetically stable and invariant .
Probiotic Benefits in Gastrointestinal Health
Lactobacillus acidophilus has been extensively studied for its role in gastrointestinal health. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1,765 patients demonstrated that L. acidophilus can reduce the duration and frequency of diarrhea in children with acute gastroenteritis, particularly when administered at a daily dose of ≥ 10^9 CFU. Additionally, L. acidophilus has been shown to alleviate symptoms of ulcerative colitis by increasing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby improving intestinal barrier function and reducing inflammation.
Impact on Metabolic Disorders
Research indicates that Lactobacillus acidophilus can also play a role in managing metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a study on T2D mice, oral administration of L. acidophilus strains significantly improved epithelial barrier function, reduced inflammation, and regulated genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism. The probiotic treatment also reshaped gut microbiota, increasing beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria and reducing harmful Gram-negative bacteria.
Applications in Aquaculture and Animal Health
Beyond human health, Lactobacillus acidophilus has applications in aquaculture. Dietary supplementation of L. acidophilus in goldfish and freshwater crayfish has been shown to modulate immune responses, improve gut health, and alter gut microbiota composition . These benefits include up-regulation of immune-related genes and better histological health of the gut and hepatopancreas.
Conclusion
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a versatile probiotic with significant benefits for gastrointestinal health, metabolic disorders, and even aquaculture. Its well-characterized genome and stable genetic profile make it a reliable candidate for commercial probiotic products. Continued research and application of L. acidophilus hold promise for enhancing health and well-being across various domains.
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