Liquid magnesium
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Advances in Liquid Magnesium Research
Electrodeposition of Magnesium in Ionic Liquids
Recent studies have explored the electrodeposition of magnesium using various ionic liquids. Research has shown that while the electrochemical window of imidazolium-based ionic liquids is insufficient for the reduction of magnesium triflate, other ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium triflate (BMP TfO) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (BMP Tf2N) are effective for the reduction of several magnesium salts . Elevated temperatures (150°C) have been found to facilitate the stripping peaks for magnesium in solutions of phenylmagnesium chloride in BMP Tf2N .
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries
Magnesium's potential as a basis for safe, low-cost energy storage has driven research into suitable electrolytes. A novel alkoxyammonium ionic liquid has demonstrated the ability to cycle magnesium effectively, with density functional theory (DFT) calculations highlighting the role of Mg coordination with BH4 ions . Additionally, binary ionic liquid systems containing organo-magnesium complexes, such as methyl magnesium bromide with tetrahydrofuran (MeMgBr/THF), have shown promising results. These systems exhibit high Coulombic efficiency (90% or higher) for magnesium deposition and dissolution, with the current density depending on the ionic liquid composition .
Structural and Thermodynamic Properties at Ultrahigh Pressure
The structural properties of magnesium-rich liquids have been studied under conditions relevant to giant planets, stars, and inertial confinement fusion experiments. Using path-integral Monte Carlo and density functional theory molecular dynamics, researchers have derived the equation of state for magnesium-rich liquids at densities ranging from 0.32 to 86.11 g/cm³ and temperatures from 20,000 K to 5 × 10⁸ K. An unexpected local maximum in the pair correlation functions at high densities was observed, indicating a higher packing and decreased coordination number of elemental magnesium .
Corrosion Resistance and Surface Film Formation
Ionic liquids based on trihexyltetradecylphosphonium, coupled with either diphenylphosphate or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, have been shown to react with magnesium alloy surfaces, forming a surface film that improves corrosion resistance. The morphology and microstructure of the magnesium surface are critical in determining the nature of the interphase, with grain boundary phases and intermetallics showing minimal interaction with the ionic liquid .
Chlorine-Free Electrolytes for Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
A chlorine-free electrolyte based on magnesium bis(diisopropyl)amide (MBA) and 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide (PP14TFSI) has been proposed as an alternative for rechargeable magnesium batteries. This combination significantly improves ionic conductivity and broadens the oxidative stable potential. Reversible magnesium electrochemical plating/stripping with low overpotential and high Coulombic efficiency has been achieved, making it a promising candidate for practical applications .
Magnesium Borohydride-Based Electrolytes
Electrolytes containing halide-free inorganic magnesium salt Mg(BH4)2 dissolved in ether solvents have shown reversible magnesium deposition-dissolution performance. The addition of PP14TFSI ionic liquid to these electrolytes has improved anodic stability, ionic conductivity, and cycling efficiency, making them suitable for rechargeable magnesium batteries .
Conclusion
The research on liquid magnesium and its applications in energy storage and corrosion resistance is rapidly advancing. Ionic liquids have shown great promise in facilitating the electrodeposition and cycling of magnesium, improving the performance and stability of magnesium-based systems. These advancements pave the way for safer, more efficient energy storage solutions and enhanced corrosion resistance for magnesium alloys.
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