Lisinopril side effects in women
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Lisinopril Side Effects in Women
Introduction to Lisinopril and Its Usage
Lisinopril is a commonly prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure. While effective in managing blood pressure, it is important to understand the side effects associated with its use, particularly in women.
Gender Differences in Lisinopril-Induced Cough
Higher Incidence of Cough in Women
One of the most notable side effects of lisinopril is a persistent cough. Research indicates that women are significantly more likely to experience this side effect compared to men. In a study involving patients with mild to moderate hypertension, 12.6% of women reported a cough when treated with lisinopril, compared to only 4.4% of men. This gender disparity was not observed with other medications like nifedipine or during placebo periods, highlighting a specific reaction to lisinopril in women.
Influence of Smoking Status
Interestingly, the incidence of cough was also influenced by smoking status. Nonsmokers reported a higher frequency of cough compared to smokers, suggesting that lifestyle factors may also play a role in the manifestation of this side effect.
Cardiometabolic Effects in Women with PCOS
Impact on Insulin Sensitivity and Inflammatory Markers
Lisinopril has been studied for its effects beyond blood pressure control, particularly in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS and their siblings often exhibit increased cardiometabolic risks. A study comparing sisters of women with PCOS to their peers found that while lisinopril effectively lowered blood pressure in both groups, its impact on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers like high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was more pronounced in women without a family history of PCOS. This suggests that the cardiometabolic benefits of lisinopril may vary based on genetic and hormonal backgrounds.
Reduction in Androgen Levels
In hypertensive women with PCOS, lisinopril has been shown to reduce serum free testosterone levels significantly, although it did not affect sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels. This reduction in androgen levels could be beneficial in managing hyperandrogenism, a common issue in PCOS, potentially by influencing the ovarian renin-angiotensin system.
Conclusion
Lisinopril is an effective antihypertensive medication, but its side effects, particularly in women, warrant careful consideration. Women are more likely to experience a persistent cough, and those with PCOS may see varied cardiometabolic benefits. Understanding these gender-specific responses can help in tailoring more effective and personalized treatment plans for women.
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