Lithium medication side effects
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Lithium Medication Side Effects: An Overview
Common Side Effects: Thirst, Polyuria, Nausea, and Tremor
Lithium, a widely used medication for bipolar disorder, is associated with several common side effects. Patients frequently report experiencing thirst and excessive urination (polyuria), nausea, diarrhea, and hand tremors. These side effects, while prevalent, are generally considered more annoying than harmful and can often be managed through adjustments in the timing of the lithium dose and maintaining lithium levels within the therapeutic range 167.
Cognitive Impairment and Weight Gain
Cognitive impairment and weight gain are among the more distressing side effects of lithium. These issues are significant because they are harder to manage and are strongly associated with nonadherence to the medication regimen. Cognitive side effects, in particular, have been linked to coordination problems and are a major factor in patients discontinuing lithium treatment 1410.
Renal and Thyroid Effects
Lithium has notable effects on renal and thyroid function. Long-term use can lead to a reduced ability to concentrate urine, resulting in conditions like nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Although the risk of severe renal failure is relatively low, it necessitates regular monitoring of kidney function. Lithium also increases the risk of hypothyroidism, which is easily diagnosed and treated, and can elevate parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels, leading to hyperparathyroidism 129.
Gastrointestinal and Dermatological Issues
Gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and diarrhea are common but typically manageable. Dermatological reactions, including exacerbation of psoriasis, have also been reported. These side effects, while significant, do not usually outweigh the therapeutic benefits of lithium 279.
Neurological and Cardiovascular Side Effects
Neurological side effects, including tremors and cognitive disturbances, are frequently reported. Cardiovascular issues, although less common, can also occur. These side effects require careful management and regular monitoring to ensure they do not become severe 246.
Sexual Dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction is another important side effect of lithium that can affect patient adherence. Strategies to manage this include adjusting the lithium dose, timing sexual activity, and using medications like sildenafil. Addressing these issues early in treatment can help prevent abrupt discontinuation of the medication .
Conclusion
While lithium remains a cornerstone in the treatment of bipolar disorder, its side effects are diverse and can impact multiple organ systems. Effective management strategies, including regular monitoring and patient education, are essential to minimize these side effects and ensure adherence to treatment. Understanding and addressing these side effects can help optimize the therapeutic benefits of lithium while minimizing its adverse impacts.
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