Magnesium dosage
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Magnesium Dosage: Recommendations and Effects
Dietary Reference Values for Magnesium
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established Adequate Intakes (AIs) for magnesium based on observed intakes in healthy populations across the EU. For adults, the AI is set at 350 mg/day for men and 300 mg/day for women. For children, the AI varies by age: 160 mg/day for ages 1 to <3 years, 230 mg/day for ages 3 to <10 years, and 300 mg/day for boys and 250 mg/day for girls aged 10 to <18 years. Infants aged 7-11 months have an AI of 80 mg/day. Pregnant and lactating women have the same AI as non-pregnant, non-lactating women, indicating no increased need during these periods.
Magnesium for Hypertension
Magnesium supplementation has shown varying effects on blood pressure (BP) depending on the population and dosage. In untreated hypertensives, a dose greater than 600 mg/day is required to see significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic BP. For uncontrolled hypertensives, doses ranging from 240 to 607 mg/day have been effective. However, controlled hypertensives and normotensives do not show significant BP-lowering effects even at high doses. A meta-analysis further supports that magnesium supplementation can achieve a small but clinically significant reduction in BP, particularly with doses above 370 mg/day.
Magnesium Absorption and Bioavailability
The absorption of magnesium varies depending on the compound and dosage. Organic magnesium compounds, such as magnesium citrate and magnesium malate, are better absorbed than inorganic compounds. Studies have shown that dividing high doses of magnesium does not significantly increase tissue magnesium levels, suggesting that the form and administration method are crucial for effective supplementation.
Magnesium and Type 2 Diabetes
Magnesium supplementation has beneficial effects on glycemic control, lipid profiles, and BP in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Optimal dosages for these benefits vary, with studies suggesting 279 mg/day for glycemic control, 429 mg/day for lipid control, and 300 mg/day for BP control over different durations. Additionally, a systematic review found a linear dose-response relationship between dietary magnesium intake and reduced risk of T2D, with a 100 mg/day increment in magnesium intake reducing the risk by 8-13%.
Magnesium and Bone Health
Magnesium plays a crucial role in bone health. Studies have shown that lower serum magnesium levels are associated with osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Supplementation with magnesium, particularly in the form of citrate, carbonate, or oxide, has been beneficial in improving bone mineral density and reducing fracture risk, with dosages ranging from 250 to 1800 mg/day.
Magnesium in Clinical Settings
In clinical settings, magnesium is used to prevent and treat deficiencies, particularly in hospitalized patients requiring prolonged intravenous fluids. Dosages of 8 to 16 mEq (1 to 2 grams) of magnesium sulfate added to daily fluids are effective. For conditions like pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, higher dosages are used, with initial doses of 8.0 to 15.0 grams followed by sustaining doses. In cases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate at 64 mmol/day maintains serum magnesium levels within the therapeutic range.
Conclusion
Magnesium supplementation has diverse applications, from dietary intake recommendations to clinical treatments for hypertension, diabetes, and bone health. The effectiveness of magnesium depends on the dosage, form, and specific health condition being addressed. Understanding these variables can help optimize magnesium use for various health benefits.
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