Medical Term For Diabetes

Definition and Description of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. This condition leads to long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, particularly the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels .

Pathogenesis and Types of Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is caused by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. This is often due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells. Individuals at risk can be identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune process and genetic markers .

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent and results from a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. This type can remain asymptomatic for a long period, during which abnormal carbohydrate metabolism can be detected through plasma glucose measurements .

Symptoms and Complications

Symptoms of marked hyperglycemia include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), weight loss, polyphagia (excessive hunger), and blurred vision. Chronic hyperglycemia can also impair growth and increase susceptibility to infections. Acute, life-threatening consequences include hyperglycemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. Long-term complications involve retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy, leading to various systemic dysfunctions .

Historical Context of the Term "Diabetes"

The term "diabetes" originates from the Greek verb "diabaino," meaning "I go" or "I run through," and "diabetes," referring to a siphon or water-pipe. This term was introduced into medical nomenclature by Aretaeus, who described the disease in detail.

Conclusion

Diabetes Mellitus is a complex group of diseases with significant health implications. Understanding its types, symptoms, and complications is crucial for effective management and treatment. The historical context of the term highlights the long-standing recognition of this condition in medical history.

Medical term for diabetes

Summary

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