Medical term for itching
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Medical Term for Itching: Pruritus
Definition and Terminology of Pruritus
The medical term for itching is "pruritus" 12. Pruritus is defined as an uncomfortable sensation that provokes the desire to scratch . This term has been in use for over 360 years, and despite advances in understanding the mechanisms behind itch, the definition remains largely unchanged .
Etiology and Classification of Pruritus
Pruritus can arise from a variety of causes, including dermatologic, systemic, paraneoplastic, neuropathic, and psychogenic etiologies . It is a major symptom in many skin diseases such as atopic eczema, urticaria, lichen planus, and psoriasis . Additionally, systemic diseases affecting organs like the kidneys, liver, and nerves can also cause pruritus .
The classification of pruritus is complex and continuously evolving. It is generally categorized based on the presence or absence of visible skin lesions. Pruritus with visible skin lesions is often associated with inflammatory skin diseases, while pruritus without visible skin lesions, formerly known as "pruritus sine materia," can be linked to systemic conditions or unknown origins 18.
Mechanisms and Pathophysiology of Pruritus
The sensation of itch is primarily mediated by two major neuronal pathways: histaminergic and non-histaminergic. Histaminergic pathways are typically involved in acute itch, while non-histaminergic pathways are more relevant in chronic itch . Recent research has highlighted the role of neuroimmune interactions in the pathophysiology of chronic itch, where immune cells and sensory nerves communicate to sustain the itch sensation 46.
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Workup
Pruritus is a common complaint that significantly impacts the quality of life, often leading to sleep disturbances and psychological distress . The clinical presentation of pruritus can vary widely, making diagnosis challenging. Initial evaluation should include a comprehensive history and physical examination, along with laboratory tests such as complete blood count, hepatic, renal, and thyroid function tests, and diabetes screening .
Therapeutic Approaches
Despite the subjective nature of pruritus, significant progress has been made in developing therapeutic strategies. Treatments range from topical and systemic anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents to phototherapy and psychological interventions 16. Emerging therapies are increasingly targeting the specific neural and immune pathways involved in chronic itch .
Conclusion
Pruritus, or itching, is a complex and multifaceted symptom with a wide range of causes and mechanisms. Understanding its etiology, classification, and pathophysiology is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. Ongoing research continues to uncover new insights into the neuroimmune interactions underlying pruritus, paving the way for more targeted and effective therapies.
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