Moderate climate
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Impact of Moderate Climate on Various Aspects of Human Life
Moderate Climate and Mortality Rates
Temperature-Dependent Mortality in China
Moderate cold temperatures have a significant impact on mortality rates in China. A study analyzing data from 15 Chinese cities between 2010 and 2016 found that 12.65% of non-accidental mortality was attributable to non-optimum temperatures, with cold temperatures accounting for 11.38% and hot temperatures for 1.27%. The study highlighted that moderately cold temperatures, specifically around 4°C to 12°C, contributed the most to the total health burden, surpassing the impact of extreme cold due to their higher frequency.
Moderate Climate and Precipitation Patterns
Systematic Biases in Precipitation Models
Research on moderate-to-heavy precipitation in global climate models revealed that model inconsistencies are lower for extratropical precipitation in the northern hemisphere winter compared to the southern hemisphere winter. This discrepancy may be due to differences in observational quality. Additionally, moderate-to-heavy tropical precipitation showed higher inconsistency with reference models, particularly in regions like the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean.
Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Moderate Climates
Relevance of Adaptive Thermal Comfort Models
Adaptive thermal comfort models, which adjust comfort standards based on outdoor temperatures, have limited applicability in moderate maritime climates. These models are mainly useful during summer months and can reduce energy consumption in naturally conditioned buildings. However, their application is restricted due to the gradual temperature changes typical of moderate climates.
Thermal Mass in School Buildings
A field study in Auckland demonstrated that school buildings with moderate thermal mass in their elements maintained indoor temperatures within the thermal comfort zone 19% to 21% more often during summer compared to buildings without thermal mass. This indicates that moderate thermal mass can significantly enhance thermal comfort in temperate climates with mild winters and warm summers.
Photovoltaic/Thermal Systems in Moderate Climates
Energy Performance of PV/T Systems
The application of photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems in moderate climates, such as those in Poland, shows that these systems generate more electrical than thermal energy during the winter months of December and January. However, in summer, high temperatures can reduce electrical efficiency. Continuous heat removal systems are recommended to ensure efficient operation of PV/T systems in such climates.
Tourism and Climate Comfort
Climate Comfort in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) exhibits distinct regions of comfortable summer and winter climates. Comfortable summer climates are scarce and mainly found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and parts of Xinjiang, while comfortable winter climates are more widespread. These findings suggest that summer climate comfort is a valuable resource for tourism development in the region.
Conclusion
Moderate climates have diverse impacts on human health, energy systems, and tourism. Understanding these effects can help in developing strategies to mitigate health risks, optimize energy use, and enhance tourism potential. Further research and adaptive measures are essential to address the challenges and opportunities presented by moderate climates.
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