Which neurons in the central nervous system express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)?

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Neurons in the Central Nervous System Expressing Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)

VIP Expression in the Hypothalamus

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is prominently expressed in neurons within the ventromedial hypothalamus. These neurons extend processes that travel laterally to the third ventricle, indicating a significant role in hypothalamic functions .

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

VIP is highly expressed in the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is crucial for circadian rhythm regulation. VIP influences the electrical activity of SCN neurons, leading to long-lasting changes in their firing rates through a VIP receptor-mediated increase in the cAMP pathway Kudo2013Fan2015.

VIP in the Cerebral Cortex

Limbic Cortex and Neocortex

VIP-positive neurons are widely distributed across the limbic cortex and neocortex. These neurons are particularly abundant in layers II-IV of the neocortex, suggesting their involvement in higher nervous processes and potential neuroendocrine functions .

Visual and Auditory Cortex

In the primary visual (V1) and auditory cortex (A1), VIP-expressing neurons account for about 20% of layer 2/3 inhibitory interneurons. These neurons exhibit distinct sensory response properties, with a tendency for intensity selectivity in the A1 and broad tuning in the V1 .

VIP in the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus

VIP and peptide histidine-isoleucine (PHI) immunoreactivities are found in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. These neurons often co-express corticotropin-releasing factor, indicating a complex interplay between these peptides in hypothalamic functions .

VIP in the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)

Regenerating DRG Neurons

VIP is expressed in regenerating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture, independent of nerve growth factor. This suggests that VIP plays a role in the regeneration process following nerve injury .

VIP in the Enteric Nervous System

Myenteric and Submucosal Ganglia

VIP-expressing neurons are present in the myenteric and submucosal ganglia of the gastrointestinal tract. These neurons co-express mRNA for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR1) receptor, indicating a role in modulating intestinal motility through glutamatergic mechanisms .

Conclusion

VIP is widely expressed in various neurons throughout the central nervous system, including the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, dorsal root ganglion, and enteric nervous system. Its presence in these diverse regions underscores its multifaceted role in regulating physiological processes ranging from circadian rhythms to sensory processing and gastrointestinal motility.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) to central and peripheral neurons.

VIP, a potential gastrointestinal hormone candidate, is a new neuronal peptide found in both central and peripheral nervous systems.

In Vitro Exp.

1976·

601citations

·L. Larsson et al.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·

DOI

Vasoactive intestinal peptide produces long-lasting changes in neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

VIP increases the long-term firing rate of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons through a VIPR2-mediated increase in the cAMP pathway, potentially targeting fast delayed rectifier potassium currents.

In Vitro Exp.Rigorous Journal

2013·

41citations

·T. Kudo et al.

Journal of neurophysiology·

DOI

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and the nervous system: immunohistochemical evidence for localization in central and peripheral neurons, particularly intracortical neurons of the cerebral cortex.

VIP-positive nerve cell bodies are found in the limbic cortex and neocortex, suggesting a role for VIP or VIP-like peptides in higher nervous processes and neuroendocrine functions.

In Vitro Exp.

1977·

309citations

·K. Fuxe et al.

Neuroscience letters·

DOI

Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP)-Expressing Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Provide Sparse GABAergic Outputs to Local Neurons with Circadian Regulation Occurring Distal to the Opening of Postsynaptic GABAA Ionotropic Receptors

VIP+ neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus provide sparse GABAergic inputs to local neurons, with circadian regulation occurring after GABAA-R channel opening.

In Vitro Exp.Very Rigorous Journal

2015·

58citations

·Junmei Fan et al.

The Journal of Neuroscience·

DOI

Functional response properties of VIP-expressing inhibitory neurons in mouse visual and auditory cortex

VIP neurons in the primary visual cortex show broad tuning and low sound intensity responsiveness, while in the auditory cortex they show intensity selectiveness and delayed response times.

In Vitro Exp.

2015·

78citations

·T. Hensch et al.

Frontiers in Neural Circuits·

DOI

Analysis of peptide histidine-isoleucine/vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system with special reference to their relation to corticotropin releasing factor- and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus.

PHI- and VIP-like immunoreactivity coexist in the rat central nervous system, with PHI-like immunoreactivity mainly representing cross-reactivity with rat corticotropin releasing factor.

In Vitro Exp.

1987·

92citations

·T. Hökfelt et al.

Neuroscience·

DOI

Rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) independently of nerve growth factor.

Regenerating adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture express VIP independently of nerve growth factor, suggesting that deprivation of retrogradely transported nerve growth factor is unlikely to explain VIP induction by axotomy in vivo.

In Vitro Exp.

1990·

38citations

·P. Mulderry et al.

Neuroscience letters·

DOI

Expression of mRNA for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR1) receptor and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) co-exist in enteric neurons of the rat.

The mechanism for glutamatergic excitation is present in VIP-containing enteric neurons, suggesting that glutamate may modulate intestinal motility.

In Vitro Exp.

1995·

40citations

·G. A. Burns et al.

Journal of the autonomic nervous system·

DOI

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide: measurement, distribution and putative neurotransmitter function.

VIP is a neurotransmitter with widespread distribution in the central nervous system, likely mediating gastrointestinal and pancreatic functions through non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerve fibers.

Literature Review

1979·

334citations

·J. Fahrenkrug

Digestion·

DOI

The regional distribution of receptors for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the rat central nervous system.

The regional distribution of VIP receptors in the rat central nervous system supports its role as a central neurotransmitter, with highest binding in the cerebral cortex, limbic forebrain, and cerebellum.

In Vitro Exp.

1985·

55citations

·P. Staun-Olsen et al.

Brain research·

DOI

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