Nutrients and their functions
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Key Nutrients and Their Biological Functions
Nutrients are substances in food that are essential for the growth, repair, and maintenance of biological systems. They provide energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate body processes. The main categories of nutrients include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Each nutrient has specific roles in the body, and their functions are often interdependent for optimal health and development 12346.
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats: Energy and Structure
Carbohydrates are the body's primary source of energy, fueling cells and supporting brain function. Proteins are crucial for building and repairing tissues, making enzymes and hormones, and supporting immune function. Fats provide a concentrated energy source, help absorb fat-soluble vitamins, and are important for cell membrane structure and hormone production 2346.
Vitamins and Minerals: Regulation and Protection
Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients that support a wide range of physiological functions. For example, B-vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and are interdependent in their functions. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant and may slow cellular aging. Minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium are essential for bone health, nerve function, and muscle contraction. Deficiency or excess of these nutrients can lead to health problems 1389.
Dietary Fiber and Bioactive Substances
Dietary fiber, though not digested for energy, is important for digestive health and can help regulate blood sugar and cholesterol levels. Bioactive substances, such as polyphenols and certain plant compounds, can have additional health benefits, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects 24.
Nutrient Interactions and Bioavailability
Nutrients do not work in isolation. Their absorption, metabolism, and effectiveness can be influenced by the presence or absence of other nutrients. For example, some nutrients compete for absorption, while others enhance each other's effects. The balance of nutrients is important; an excess or deficiency of one can affect the requirements and functions of others. This dynamic relationship is known as nutrient-nutrient interaction and is crucial for maintaining health 1510.
Nutrients and Health Across the Lifespan
Nutritional needs and the effects of nutrients can vary depending on age, health status, and physiological conditions. Proper nutrition is vital from conception through old age, influencing growth, development, and the risk of chronic diseases. Nutrient deficiencies or imbalances are closely linked to disease occurrence and progression 123.
Molecular and Cellular Effects of Nutrients
Recent research highlights that nutrients can influence gene expression and cellular processes. For example, nutrients can modulate microRNA (miRNA) profiles, which play a role in regulating physiological functions at the molecular level. This adds another layer to how nutrients impact health and disease prevention .
Conclusion
Nutrients are essential for energy, growth, repair, and regulation of body processes. Their functions are interconnected, and their balance is key to health. Understanding nutrient functions and interactions helps guide dietary choices and supports lifelong health and well-being 12345689+1 MORE.
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