Nutritional composition of cucumbers
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Nutritional Composition of Cucumbers: Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) are a popular vegetable known for their high water content and low calorie value. They are a good source of vitamins, minerals, soluble carbohydrates, and proteins, making them a nutritious addition to the human diet . The fruit contains a variety of essential nutrients, including vitamins (such as vitamin C and some B vitamins), minerals (like potassium and magnesium), and small amounts of protein and carbohydrates .
Phytochemicals and Bioactive Compounds in Cucumbers
Cucumbers are rich in phytochemicals, including phenols, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, saponins, and resins . These compounds contribute to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other health-promoting properties of cucumbers . The presence of these bioactive compounds also supports the use of cucumbers in traditional medicine and cosmetic applications .
Amino Acid Profile and Protein Content
While cucumbers are not a major source of protein compared to animal products, they do contain a range of amino acids. Studies show that fresh cucumbers have notable amounts of glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), asparagine, and citrulline . Fermentation of cucumbers can increase the total free amino acid content, with GABA, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine being particularly abundant in fermented cucumbers . This change in amino acid profile during fermentation may enhance the nutritional value of cucumber-based products .
Carbohydrates and Sugars in Cucumbers
Cucumbers provide soluble carbohydrates, mainly in the form of simple sugars and starch. Research indicates that the carbohydrate pattern in cucumbers can be influenced by environmental factors, such as exposure to certain nanoparticles, which may alter starch and sugar content . However, under normal conditions, cucumbers are considered a low-calorie food due to their modest carbohydrate content .
Mineral Content and Distribution
Cucumbers are a source of important minerals, including potassium, magnesium, and trace elements like copper, manganese, and zinc 23. Studies have shown that these minerals are distributed throughout the fruit, with some (such as copper, manganese, and zinc) being more concentrated in the seeds . The mineral content of cucumbers supports their role in maintaining electrolyte balance and overall health 23.
Impact of Environmental Factors on Nutritional Quality
Research has demonstrated that the nutritional composition of cucumbers can be affected by environmental factors, such as soil treatments with nanoparticles. For example, certain nanoparticles can alter the carbohydrate and protein fractions in cucumber fruits, as well as reduce the concentration of some micronutrients like molybdenum and copper . However, the overall macronutrient content (proteins, carbohydrates, and major minerals) remains relatively stable under these conditions .
Conclusion
Cucumbers are a hydrating, low-calorie vegetable that provides a range of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, proteins, and carbohydrates. They are also rich in phytochemicals and bioactive compounds that contribute to their health benefits. The nutritional composition of cucumbers can be influenced by processing methods and environmental factors, but they remain a valuable component of a healthy diet due to their diverse nutrient profile and beneficial properties 239.
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