Paresthesia causes
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Paresthesia Causes: Central and Peripheral Nervous System Abnormalities
Paresthesia, which includes sensations like tingling, numbness, burning, or prickling, can be caused by problems in either the central or peripheral nervous systems. Central nervous system causes often include ischemia (lack of blood flow), structural or compressive issues, infections, inflammation, or degenerative diseases. Peripheral causes are more varied and can include nerve entrapment, metabolic disturbances, trauma, inflammation, connective tissue diseases, toxins, hereditary conditions, malignancies, and nutritional deficiencies. Sometimes, the cause is related to miscellaneous conditions that affect nerve function 1235.
Local and Systemic Triggers of Paresthesia
Paresthesia can also result from local factors such as accidental trauma, surgery, dental procedures (like local anesthesia, tooth extraction, dental implants, or endodontic treatments), and degenerative changes in the jaw or cervical spine. Systemic conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, vitamin deficiencies (such as vitamin D), hypophosphatemia, and infections like Covid-19, are also known to cause paresthesia. These systemic issues can lead to nerve dysfunction through metabolic or inflammatory pathways 247910.
Nerve Compression and Entrapment Syndromes
Compression or entrapment of nerves is a common cause of paresthesia. For example, meralgia paresthetica is caused by compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, leading to burning pain and abnormal sensations in the thigh. This can result from direct mechanical pressure, surgical complications, or systemic diseases like diabetes. Identifying the specific nerve involved is important for diagnosis and treatment 110.
Biophysical and Physiological Mechanisms
On a cellular level, paresthesia can be triggered by abnormal electrical activity in sensory nerves. Factors such as hyperventilation, ischemia, or changes in blood chemistry can make sensory nerves more excitable, leading to spontaneous or ectopic nerve impulses. These mechanisms can explain why paresthesia sometimes occurs even in healthy individuals under certain conditions, and why it is common in some nerve disorders .
Dental and Maxillofacial Causes
Dental procedures are a notable cause of localized paresthesia, especially when anesthetic injections or surgical interventions affect the nerves in the jaw. Understanding the anatomy of the jaw and the pathways of the nerves is crucial for preventing and managing dental paresthesia. Proper technique and planning can reduce the risk of nerve injury during dental treatments 789.
Conclusion
Paresthesia has a wide range of causes, from central and peripheral nervous system disorders to local trauma, systemic diseases, and dental procedures. Accurate diagnosis depends on understanding the underlying mechanism, the affected nerve pathways, and the patient’s medical history. Identifying the cause is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further nerve damage 12345678+2 MORE.
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