Particle types
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Types of Particles: A Comprehensive Overview
Quantifier Particles in Linguistics
Hungarian Quantifier Particles
In Hungarian, there are two distinct types of quantifier particles that play a crucial role in reiterated constructions. The first type follows its host and functions as heads on the clausal spines of independent propositions. These particles do not necessarily form quantifier words and can occur independently of reiterations. The second type precedes its host and is quantifier-phrase internal, meaning that they must occur in reiterations and do form quantifier words. These two types also differ in their internal connectives and in forming strict versus non-strict negative concord expressions1.
Japanese Particles
Japanese particles can be categorized into two general classes: those with syntactic functions and those expressing emotions and desires. The syntactic particles are further divided into three types: CASE (Kakujoshi), CONJUNCTION (Setsuzokujoshi), and ADVERBIAL (Fukujoshi)3.
French Extension Particles
In Montreal French, extension particles are typically formed from a combination of a quantifier, a generic, and a comparative, sometimes prefaced by a connector. These particles can be classified into four major types based on their components and usage in discourse8.
Emergent Particles in Condensed Matter Physics
Encyclopedia of Emergent Particles
Recent research has compiled a comprehensive list of emergent particles in time reversal-invariant systems. This includes both spinful particles, such as electron quasiparticles, and spinless particles, like phonons. The study establishes a detailed correspondence between the particle types, their symmetry conditions, effective models, and topological characteristics, providing a complete guide to achieving these particles in physical systems2.
Particle Dynamics in Chemical Reactions
Diffusion Limited Two-Particle Reactions
In systems where particles of types A and B execute random walks and annihilate upon meeting, the densities of these particles decay asymptotically depending on the spatial dimension. For dimensions less than four, the behavior is analyzed to show that both particle types are present locally in concentrations that do not depend on type, location, or realization4.
Phytoplankton Functional Types
Global Variability from Space
A novel method using ocean color remote sensing data has been developed to assess the global distribution and dynamics of phytoplankton functional types (PFTs). This method retrieves parameters of a power-law particle size distribution (PSD) and relates them to PFTs. The study identifies three size-based PFTs: picoplankton, nanoplankton, and microplankton, and reveals spatial patterns consistent with current understanding of oceanic regions5.
Elementary Particle Symmetries
Symmetry Properties and Conservation Laws
The study of elementary particles involves examining their symmetry properties and associated conservation laws. Symmetries related to space and time, such as momentum, energy, angular momentum, and parity, as well as internal symmetries, help systematize the properties of known particles. Theories like the 'eightfold way' have been particularly successful in this regard6.
Bacteriophage T4 Head-Related Particles
Aberrant Tau-Particles
In cells infected with a phage carrying a mutation in gene 21, three types of particles accumulate, with the major type being the tau-particle. These particles are fragile, associated with the cell membrane, and lack DNA. The study suggests that the cleavage of head proteins is required for DNA packaging to occur, with tau-particles resembling prohead I particles isolated in wild-type head assembly7.
Quantum Mechanical Violations in N-Particle Systems
Bell-Type Inequalities
N-particle Bell-type inequalities derived under the assumption of partial separability provide experimentally accessible conditions for full N-particle entanglement. These inequalities are maximally violated by N-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states, indicating the presence of entanglement that cannot be reduced to smaller subsystems9.
Particle Swarm Optimization in Transformer Oil
Classification of Conducting Particles
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been effectively used for feature selection in the classification of conducting particles in transformer oil. This technique enhances the classification accuracy of partial discharge pulse patterns, providing a reliable method for interpreting both electrical and acoustically measured data10.
Conclusion
The study of particles spans various fields, from linguistics and condensed matter physics to chemical reactions and quantum mechanics. Each type of particle, whether linguistic, emergent, or elementary, plays a unique role in its respective domain, contributing to our broader understanding of complex systems and phenomena.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Two types of quantifier particles: Quantifier-phrase internal vs. heads on the clausal spine
Hungarian quantifier particles can be divided into two types: ones that follow their host and those that precede it, with both types playing a role in repeated constructions and influencing propositional coordination.
Encyclopedia of emergent particles in three-dimensional crystals.
This study completes the list of possible emergent particles in three-dimensional crystals, providing guidance for achieving them in physical systems.
Highly CitedThe acquisition of Japanese particles
Japanese particles with syntactic function can be divided into three types: CASE (Kakujoshi), CONJUNCTION (Setsuzokujoshi), and ADVERBIAL (Fukujoshi).
Spatial Structure in Low Dimensions for Diffusion Limited Two-Particle Reactions
In low dimensions, both particle types are present locally but with varying concentrations in the chemical reaction $A+Bto inert$, where both types disappear when they meet.
Global variability of phytoplankton functional types from space: assessment via the particle size distribution
This study demonstrates the utility of assessing phytoplankton functional types using remote characterization of the particle size distribution, revealing oligotrophic gyres with lower particle abundance and increased picoplankton-sized particles.
Highly CitedElementary particle symmetries
This paper explores symmetries between elementary particles, focusing on space and time symmetries and internal symmetries, to better understand their properties and conserve laws.
Maturation of the head of bacteriophage T4. II. Head-related, aberrant tau-particles.
Cleavage of head proteins is required for DNA packaging in phages with mutations in gene 21, but most of these -particles cannot be used for normal phage production.
Highly CitedExtension particles, etc.
Extension particles in French are influenced by sociodemographic factors, with fewer particles used as speakers age, and their suitability for various discourse functions varies based on the presence and nature of connectors.
Highly CitedBell-type inequalities for partial separability in N-particle systems and quantum mechanical violations.
N-particle Bell-type inequalities can be violated, resulting in full entanglement, and are maximally violated by the N-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states.
Highly Cited