Probiotic diet
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Probiotic Diet: Benefits and Applications
Introduction to Probiotic Diet
A probiotic diet involves the consumption of foods or supplements containing live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host. Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in maintaining gut health, enhancing immune function, and potentially improving various health conditions.
Probiotics and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Probiotics-Supplemented Low-Protein Diet
A study on patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) demonstrated that a low-protein diet supplemented with probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus reuteri) significantly reduced levels of uremic toxins, cholesterol, and triglycerides1. Patients receiving probiotics showed a trend towards reduced microbiota-derived toxins and required fewer antihypertensive and diuretic medications, indicating an additional beneficial effect on CKD management1.
Probiotics in Functional Foods
Market and Consumer Trends
The functional food market, which includes products like yogurt, cheese, and nutritional supplements, has seen a significant increase in consumer interest in probiotics. These microorganisms help maintain a healthy gut microbiota, which is crucial for overall health and resistance to infectious diseases2. Advances in DNA sequencing have furthered our understanding of the gut microbiota's role in homeostasis and disease prevention2.
Cognitive and Mood Benefits in Older Adults
Gut-Brain Axis
Probiotics have been shown to improve cognitive function and mood in older adults. A randomized trial found that probiotics containing Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum improved mental flexibility, reduced stress, and increased serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)3. These changes were associated with a reduction in inflammation-causing gut bacteria, supporting the role of the gut-brain axis in mental health3.
Probiotics and Obesity
High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diets
In animal studies, probiotics have been effective in mitigating diet-induced obesity. Probiotics restored the balance of gut microbiota disrupted by high-fat and high-sucrose diets, reducing weight gain and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus4. This suggests that probiotics can play a role in managing obesity by modulating gut microbiota4.
Probiotics and Depression
Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms
Research on rats has shown that probiotics can reduce depressive-like behavior, independent of diet. Probiotics influenced cytokine production and lowered levels of stress-related hormones in the hippocampus, indicating potential mechanisms through which probiotics may alleviate symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD)5. These findings support the potential of probiotics as a treatment strategy for depression5.
Probiotics in Poultry and Aquaculture
Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance
Probiotics are also beneficial in animal nutrition, particularly in poultry and aquaculture. They enhance nutrient utilization, growth performance, and gut health, serving as a potential alternative to antibiotics6. In Japanese eel, Bacillus subtilis was found to be more effective than Lactobacillus plantarum in improving growth performance and immune parameters7. Similarly, in rohu fingerlings, a combination of probiotics improved feed conversion ratios and gut colonization8.
Non-Dairy Probiotic Products
Alternative Sources
With growing concerns over cholesterol and lactose intolerance, there is a shift towards non-dairy probiotic products. These alternatives, derived from cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, offer a cost-effective and cholesterol-free option for delivering probiotics10. They also provide additional phytochemicals, enhancing their health benefits10.
Conclusion
Probiotic diets offer a wide range of health benefits, from improving gut health and cognitive function to managing chronic diseases and enhancing animal growth performance. As research continues to uncover the mechanisms and applications of probiotics, their role in promoting health and preventing disease is becoming increasingly evident.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic
Probiotics-Supplemented Low-Protein Diet for Microbiota Modulation in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (ProLowCKD): Results from a Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial
A probiotics-supplemented low-protein diet may help control microbiota-derived and proatherogenic toxins in chronic kidney disease patients, potentially reducing medication use.
RCT
Very Rigorous JournalAbout Functional Foods: The Probiotics and Prebiotics State of Art
Functional foods containing probiotics and prebiotics can positively impact the composition of intestinal microbiota, contributing to overall health and resistance to infectious diseases.
Probiotic Supplementation Improves Cognitive Function and Mood with Changes in Gut Microbiota in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial
Probiotics improve mental flexibility and reduce stress in healthy older adults, while also causing changes in gut microbiota.
RCT
Highly CitedProbiotics improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice fed a high-fat or high-sucrose diet.
Probiotics treatment can slow weight gain and improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in obese mice on both high-fat and high-sucrose diets, with greater effectiveness in high-sucrose diet-induced obesity.
Non-RCT
Animal StudyHighly CitedProbiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet
Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behavior in rats, regardless of diet, supporting their potential as a treatment strategy for major depressive disorder.
Highly CitedProbiotics (Direct-Fed Microbials) in Poultry Nutrition and Their Effects on Nutrient Utilization, Growth and Laying Performance, and Gut Health: A Systematic Review
Probiotics can enhance poultry growth and gut health, offering a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in production.
Systematic Review
Rigorous JournalHighly CitedComparative evaluation of dietary probiotics Bacillus subtilis WB60 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3928 on the growth performance, immunological parameters, gut morphology and disease resistance in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica
Oral supplementation of Bacillus subtilis at 108 (BS3) CFU/g diet may be a more effective probiotic source for Japanese eel, improving growth performance, survival rate, immune parameters, and gut morphology.
RCTAnimal StudyHighly CitedUse of different microbial probiotics in the diet of rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings: effects on growth, nutrient digestibility and retention, digestive enzyme activities and intestinal microflora
Probiotics in rohu fingerlings' diets improve feed conversion ratio and reduce intestinal microflora, with the combination of three probiotics at equal proportion showing the highest feed conversion ratio.
RCTHighly CitedQuorum quenching probiotics modulated digestive enzymes activity, growth performance, gut microflora, haemato-biochemical parameters and resistance against Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)
Feeding with QQ probiotics significantly improved growth performance, gut microflora, haemato-biochemical parameters, and resistance against Vibrio harveyi in Asian seabass.
RCTPotential non-dairy probiotic products – A healthy approach
Non-dairy probiotics, derived from cereals, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, offer cost-effective, health-promoting benefits, while reducing cholesterol risks for lactose intolerance individuals.
Highly Cited