Proton collider
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Advances in Proton Collider Research
Introduction to Proton Colliders
Proton colliders have been at the forefront of particle physics research, pushing the boundaries of our understanding of fundamental particles and forces. These machines accelerate protons to near-light speeds and smash them together, allowing scientists to probe the smallest components of matter and the forces that govern their interactions.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN is currently the world's most powerful proton collider. It has provided unprecedented insights into the Standard Model of particle physics, including the discovery of the Higgs boson . The LHC operates at high luminosity and energy, enabling the exploration of phenomena such as supersymmetry and CP violation . The LHC's high-luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC) is expected to extend its operational life and scientific output well into the 2030s .
Future Proton Colliders
100 TeV Proton-Proton Collider
The next generation of proton colliders aims to reach even higher energies. A 100 TeV proton-proton collider is under consideration, with designs being developed by the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study at CERN and the Super proton-proton Collider (SppC) in China . These colliders would significantly surpass the energy capabilities of the LHC, opening new avenues for exploring the Higgs boson, dark matter, and other phenomena beyond the Standard Model 34.
High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC)
Another proposed project is the High-Energy LHC (HE-LHC), which would utilize the existing LHC tunnel but with advanced magnet technology to double the energy of proton collisions . This upgrade would allow for higher precision measurements and the potential discovery of new particles and interactions.
Electron-Ion Collider (EIC)
The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a new project approved by the U.S. Department of Energy to be built at Brookhaven National Laboratory. This collider will enable detailed studies of the proton's internal structure, including how its mass and spin arise from its constituent quarks and gluons . The EIC is expected to start operations by 2030 and will provide critical insights into the strong force that binds protons and neutrons together .
Muon-Proton Collider
A muon-proton collider has been proposed as a novel approach to exploring new physics. With asymmetrical multi-TeV beam energies, this collider could improve electroweak precision measurements and probe beyond the Standard Model physics, such as the Higgs properties and the muon g-2 anomaly . The muon-proton collider offers a unique advantage due to its large center-of-mass energies and reduced Standard Model background .
Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs)
Understanding the internal structure of protons is crucial for interpreting collider data. Recent advancements in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) have improved the precision of theoretical predictions for collider experiments 610. These PDFs are essential for making accurate predictions about the outcomes of proton collisions and for searching for new physics phenomena 610.
Conclusion
Proton colliders continue to be a vital tool in the quest to understand the fundamental nature of matter. From the ongoing experiments at the LHC to the ambitious plans for future colliders like the FCC, SppC, and EIC, these machines are set to drive the next wave of discoveries in particle physics. Advances in collider technology and theoretical frameworks, such as improved PDFs, will ensure that proton colliders remain at the cutting edge of scientific research for years to come.
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