Psychological disorder definition psychology
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Understanding Psychological Disorders: Definitions and Key Insights
Definition of Psychological Disorders
Psychological disorders, also known as mental disorders, are clinically significant disruptions in an individual's behavior, cognition, and emotional regulation. These disruptions are often linked to distress or functional impairment in key areas of brain functioning . Psychological disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and eating disorders, among others 13.
Cognitive and Psychological Conditions
Mental disorders are characterized by cognitive and psychological conditions that are experienced as distressing or detrimental to functioning. These conditions are less common in older individuals compared to younger ones, and they often present unique challenges in clinical settings . The identification of cognitive and biomarker features is crucial for improving the detection of these disorders, especially among older adults who may exhibit subsyndromal symptoms rather than full diagnostic levels .
Biological and Social Influences
The likelihood of developing psychological disorders is influenced by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Genetic inheritance, environmental conditions, cultural influences, emotional impacts, and life traumas all play significant roles in the onset and progression of these disorders 78. For instance, individuals exposed to poverty, violence, disability, and inequality are at a higher risk of developing mental health issues .
Common Psychological Disorders
Anxiety and Depression
Anxiety and depressive disorders are among the most prevalent psychological illnesses, affecting approximately 970 million people worldwide . The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated these conditions, with significant increases in the number of individuals suffering from anxiety and depression .
Cognitive Disorders
Cognitive disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease, are common in late life and present unique challenges due to their co-occurrence with behavioral and psychological symptoms 26.
Mood and Personality Disorders
Mood disorders, including depressive, bipolar, and cyclothymic disorders, as well as personality disorders, are characterized by ongoing dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behavior . These disorders can significantly impact an individual's mental and physical state .
Conceptualizing Psychological Problems
Psychological problems can be understood as aspects of human behavior that cause distress or interfere with important areas of life functioning. This perspective offers a more pragmatic and less stigmatizing view compared to the traditional medical model . Psychological problems are seen as common variations in behavior, thinking, and feeling that arise in ordinary ways, rather than as terrifying illnesses of the mind .
Network Theory of Mental Disorders
The network theory of mental disorders posits that these conditions arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Symptoms are causally connected through various biological, psychological, and societal mechanisms. When these connections are strong enough, they can create a feedback loop that sustains the disorder . This theory provides a comprehensive model for understanding mental disorders and has implications for diagnosis and treatment .
Conclusion
Psychological disorders are complex conditions influenced by a myriad of factors, including biological, psychological, and social elements. Understanding these disorders requires a multifaceted approach that considers the interplay between symptoms, individual characteristics, and environmental influences. By adopting a more inclusive and less stigmatizing perspective, we can improve the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for those affected.
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