Rotation and revolution

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Understanding Rotation and Revolution in Biological and Physical Systems

Introduction to Rotation and Revolution Mechanisms

The concepts of rotation and revolution are fundamental in both biological and physical systems. Rotation refers to an object spinning around its own axis, akin to the Earth rotating every 24 hours. Revolution, on the other hand, involves an object moving in a circular path around another object, similar to the Earth's yearly orbit around the Sun Guo2014Guo2016Vieweger2015.

Biological Nanomotors: Revolution Without Rotation

Discovery and Mechanism

Recent studies have identified a third type of biomotor that operates through a revolution mechanism without rotation. This discovery has significant implications for understanding DNA translocation in viruses and bacteria. Unlike rotation motors, which spin around their axis, revolution motors move in a circular path around the DNA, avoiding coiling and torque issues Guo2014Guo2016Vieweger2015.

Structural Characteristics

Revolution motors are characterized by larger channels (>3 nm) compared to rotation motors (<2 nm). This size difference allows revolution motors to handle the right-handed DNA in an anti-chiral arrangement using left-handed channels. This mechanism is more efficient for lengthy DNA translocation, as it prevents tangling and coiling Guo2014Guo2016Vieweger2015.

Examples and Applications

Examples of revolution motors include the DNA packaging motors in bacteriophages like Phi29, HK97, and T4, as well as bacterial DNA translocases such as FtsK and SpoIIIE. These motors utilize ATPase to bind and hydrolyze ATP, inducing conformational changes that facilitate DNA movement Guo2014Guo2016Vieweger2015.

Physical Systems: Rotation and Revolution

Astronomical and Subatomic Rotation

In the physical world, rotation is observed at various scales, from astronomical bodies like the Earth and stars to subatomic particles. This rotation is independent of their orbital motion or revolution. For instance, the Earth rotates on its axis while simultaneously revolving around the Sun Jaques1926Lai2000Fayos2007.

Engineering and Geometry

Rotation is also crucial in engineering and geometric modeling. For example, surfaces of revolution are generated by rotating a two-dimensional curve around an axis. This concept is widely used in designing rotational parts and analyzing structural vibrations in engineering applications Beutler2015Vrsek2015Bernard2017.

Conclusion

The distinction between rotation and revolution is essential in both biological and physical contexts. In biological systems, the discovery of revolution mechanisms without rotation has advanced our understanding of DNA translocation. In physical systems, rotation and revolution are fundamental to the behavior of astronomical bodies and the design of engineering structures. Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into the efficiency and functionality of various natural and man-made systems.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Common Mechanisms of DNA translocation motors in Bacteria and Viruses Using One-way Revolution Mechanism without Rotation

Revolution-based DNA translocation motors in bacteria and viruses are powerful and effective, avoiding DNA coiling and requiring less energy for cell replication.

2014·

52citations

·Peixuan Guo et al.

Biotechnology advances·

DOI

Biological Nanomotors with a Revolution, Linear, or Rotation Motion Mechanism

Biological nanomotors can be divided into revolution-only, linear, and rotation-only types, with chirality and channel size playing key roles in their motion mechanisms.

2016·

53citations

·Peixuan Guo et al.

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews·

DOI

Single-Molcule Studies on DNA Transportation Motors with Common Revolution Mechanism without Rotation

This study reveals a third class of biomotors, a revolution-based motor, that is widespread in biological systems, including dsDNA viruses, bacteriophages, and archaea, and reveals its main features using single-molecule fluorescence and magnetic tweezers.

2015·

0citations

·Mario Vieweger et al.

Biophysical Journal·

DOI

Recognizing algebraic affine rotation surfaces

This paper identifies affine rotation surfaces and provides an algorithm to detect whether an algebraic surface is an affine sphere, generalizing previous results on surfaces of revolution.

2020·

3citations

·J. G. Alcázar et al.

Comput. Aided Geom. Des.·

DOI

Rotation and Relativity

A vortex ring's case suggests that rotation is not relative but absolute, as the observer can determine the ring's rotation with respect to himself but not the ring with respect to himself.

1926·

1citation

·A. Jaques et al.

Nature·

DOI

Reconstruction of surfaces of revolution from measured points

This research proposes a surface fitting algorithm for reconstructing surfaces of revolution from three-dimensional measured points, resulting in optimized rotating axes and best-fit cross-section curves for complex rotational parts.

2000·

28citations

·J. Lai et al.

Computers in Industry·

DOI

ROTATION OF THE EARTH

The theory of the rotation of the Earth, based on absolute rigidity, admits of variations in terrestrial latitudes, but the observations show a period of revolution of nearly fourteen months.

Highly Cited

2015·

243citations

·G. Beutler et al.

An eulerian coordinate-based method for analysing the structural vibrations of a solid of revolution rotating about its main axis

This paper presents a method for modeling the dynamic response of spinning solids of revolution, considering flexibility, inertial, and gyroscopic effects, and applying it to cylinders and railway wheelsets.

2007·

37citations

·J. Fayos et al.

Journal of Sound and Vibration·

DOI

Determining surfaces of revolution from their implicit equations

This paper presents a simple algorithm for determining if a polynomial shape is a surface of revolution, and if so, the equations of its axis and generatrix.

Preprint

2015·

22citations

·Jan Vrsek et al.

ArXiv·

DOI

Controlled rotation and translation of spherical particles or living cells by surface acoustic waves.

High-frequency surface acoustic waves can enable simultaneous control of translation and rotation of small objects, such as solid particles or blood cells, offering potential applications in micromanipulation and cell response to shear stress.

2017·

49citations

·Ianis Bernard et al.

Lab on a chip·

DOI

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