Rotation vs revolution

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Understanding Rotation vs. Revolution in Biomotors

Introduction to Biomotors: Rotation and Revolution Mechanisms

Biomotors are essential molecular machines that facilitate various biological processes, including DNA translocation. Traditionally, biomotors were classified into two categories: linear motors and rotation motors. However, recent discoveries have introduced a third category: revolution motors, which operate without rotation Guo2014Vieweger2015.

Rotation Mechanism in Biomotors

The rotation mechanism in biomotors involves the spinning of an object around its own axis, similar to how the Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours. This type of motor typically features channels that are equal to or smaller than 2 nm, which is approximately the size of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). These motors use parallel threads to operate within a right-handed channel Guo2014Vieweger2015.

Revolution Mechanism in Biomotors

In contrast, the revolution mechanism involves the circular movement of an object around a secondary center, akin to the Earth's revolution around the Sun every 365 days. Revolution motors have channels larger than 3 nm and utilize a left-handed channel to drive the right-handed DNA in an anti-chiral arrangement. This mechanism avoids the coiling of DNA, which is advantageous for processes like viral DNA packaging and cell replication Guo2014Vieweger2015.

Distinguishing Features: Channel Size and Chirality

The primary distinguishing features between rotation and revolution mechanisms are the size of the channels and the chirality of the channel walls. Rotation motors have smaller channels (≤2 nm) and right-handed channels, while revolution motors have larger channels (≥3 nm) and left-handed channels Guo2014Vieweger2015.

Applications and Advantages of Revolution Mechanism

Revolution motors are found in various biological systems, including dsDNA viruses, dsDNA bacteriophages, bacteria, and archaea. These motors are particularly effective in viral DNA packaging, as they coordinate several vector factors in the same direction, making them unusually powerful. The revolution mechanism's ability to avoid DNA coiling is beneficial for cell replication processes such as bacterial binary fission and cell mitosis, reducing the need for additional enzymes like topoisomerase or helicase Guo2014Vieweger2015.

Conclusion

The discovery of the revolution mechanism in biomotors has provided significant insights into the functioning of DNA translocation motors. By distinguishing between rotation and revolution mechanisms, researchers can better understand the structural and functional dynamics of these essential molecular machines. This knowledge has broad implications for fields ranging from virology to cellular biology, offering potential advancements in understanding and manipulating biological processes.

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Most relevant research papers on this topic

Common Mechanisms of DNA translocation motors in Bacteria and Viruses Using One-way Revolution Mechanism without Rotation

Revolution-based DNA translocation motors in bacteria and viruses are powerful and effective, avoiding DNA coiling and requiring less energy for cell replication.

Literature Review

2014·

53citations

·Peixuan Guo et al.

Biotechnology advances·

DOI

Single-Molcule Studies on DNA Transportation Motors with Common Revolution Mechanism without Rotation

This study reveals a third class of biomotors, a revolution-based motor, that is widespread in biological systems, including dsDNA viruses, bacteriophages, and archaea, and reveals its main features using single-molecule fluorescence and magnetic tweezers.

2015·

0citations

·Mario Vieweger et al.

Biophysical Journal·

DOI

Utility of a rotation/revolution-type agitator for chondrocyte isolation during preparation of engineered cartilage.

A rotation/revolution-type agitator significantly increases the number of isolated chondrocytes for primary cultures and cartilage tissue engineering, with no disadvantages observed.

In Vitro Study

2019·

3citations

·A. Oda et al.

Journal of bioscience and bioengineering·

DOI

Response of Growing Plants to a Uniform Daily Rotation

Plants sensitive to the direction of rotation, with clockwise rotation inhibiting growth and anti-clockwise direction stimulating growth.

1960·

10citations

·R. Jones

Nature·

DOI

Research on effect of parameters in Rotation & Revolution Type Polishing Method

The Rotation and Revolution Polishing method effectively maintains tool shapes and uniformly generates surface roughness, with a mathematical formula based on the Preston equation and geometry effectively improving polishing stability under diverse conditions.

2018·

4citations

·Weimin Lin et al.

Procedia CIRP·

DOI

Determining surfaces of revolution from their implicit equations

This paper presents a simple algorithm for determining if a polynomial shape is a surface of revolution, and if so, the equations of its axis and generatrix.

Preprint

2015·

22citations

·Jan Vrsek et al.

ArXiv·

DOI

Removal model of rotation & revolution type polishing method

The Rotation and Revolution Polishing (RRP) method offers high precision in aspherical optics and precision polishing techniques by maintaining tool shapes and uniformly generating surface roughness through optimal polishing velocity distribution.

2017·

8citations

·He Wang et al.

Precision Engineering-journal of The International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology·

DOI

Recognizing algebraic affine rotation surfaces

This paper identifies affine rotation surfaces and provides an algorithm to detect whether an algebraic surface is an affine sphere, generalizing previous results on surfaces of revolution.

2020·

3citations

·J. G. Alcázar et al.

Comput. Aided Geom. Des.·

DOI

Reconstruction of surfaces of revolution from measured points

This research proposes a surface fitting algorithm for reconstructing surfaces of revolution from three-dimensional measured points, resulting in optimized rotating axes and best-fit cross-section curves for complex rotational parts.

2000·

28citations

·J. Lai et al.

Computers in Industry·

DOI

An eulerian coordinate-based method for analysing the structural vibrations of a solid of revolution rotating about its main axis

This paper presents a method for modeling the dynamic response of spinning solids of revolution, considering flexibility, inertial, and gyroscopic effects, and applying it to cylinders and railway wheelsets.

2007·

37citations

·J. Fayos et al.

Journal of Sound and Vibration·

DOI

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