Scurvy causes and risk factors
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Causes of Scurvy: Vitamin C Deficiency
Scurvy is caused by a prolonged deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the diet, typically developing after one to three months of inadequate intake. Vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis, and its absence leads to weakened blood vessels, poor wound healing, and other systemic symptoms Krečak2022Deirawan2020Feng2023. The required daily intake of vitamin C is about 60 mg, which can be easily met with a single medium-sized orange, making scurvy rare in populations with access to fresh fruits and vegetables .
Key Risk Factors for Scurvy
Poor Nutrition and Dietary Habits
The most significant risk factor for scurvy is undernutrition or a diet lacking in fresh fruits and vegetables. This can result from restrictive eating habits, fad diets, or food insecurity Krečak2022Jones2023Trapani2022+3 MORE. Children with selective eating behaviors, especially those with autism spectrum disorder or other neuropsychiatric conditions, are at increased risk Trapani2022Reikersdorfer2024Gallizzi2020+1 MORE. Even otherwise healthy individuals, including children, can develop scurvy if their diet is extremely limited Trapani2022Gallizzi2020.
Socioeconomic and Lifestyle Factors
Low socioeconomic status, social isolation, and economic marginalization are associated with a higher risk of scurvy due to limited access to nutritious foods Krečak2022Jones2023Reikersdorfer2024. Alcoholism and tobacco smoking further increase the risk, as these behaviors are often linked to poor dietary choices and reduced vitamin C absorption Krečak2022Jones2023Dermawan2024.
Medical and Psychiatric Conditions
Certain medical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, gastrointestinal surgeries (like gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy), and severe allergies, can impair vitamin C absorption or increase its requirements, leading to deficiency Krečak2022Gallizzi2020Deirawan2020+1 MORE. Psychiatric illnesses, including severe depression and eating disorders, are also notable risk factors due to their impact on dietary intake Krečak2022Jones2023Dermawan2024.
Age and Gender
Older adults and males are more frequently affected by scurvy, possibly due to a combination of dietary habits, social factors, and comorbidities Krečak2022Reikersdorfer2024.
Scurvy in Modern Contexts
Despite being considered a disease of the past, scurvy is re-emerging in certain populations, particularly with rising living costs, increased rates of bariatric surgery, and persistent food insecurity Reikersdorfer2024Dermawan2024Kinlin2023. Clinicians are encouraged to consider scurvy in patients with unexplained fatigue, anemia, musculoskeletal pain, and mucocutaneous bleeding, especially when risk factors are present Krečak2022Reikersdorfer2024Gaieski2024+1 MORE.
Conclusion
Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C and is most commonly seen in individuals with poor nutrition, restrictive diets, low socioeconomic status, certain medical or psychiatric conditions, and in those who are older or male. Awareness of these risk factors is crucial for timely diagnosis and treatment, as scurvy remains a preventable and reversible condition when recognized early Krečak2022Jones2023Trapani2022+7 MORE.
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