Semaglutide mechanism of action
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Semaglutide Mechanism of Action: GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Effects
Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. It mimics the action of natural GLP-1, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar and appetite. By activating GLP-1 receptors, semaglutide lowers blood glucose, reduces appetite, and leads to weight loss in people with type 2 diabetes and obesity 147.
Appetite Suppression and Weight Loss Pathways
Semaglutide acts on the brain, especially areas involved in appetite and food intake. It reduces food intake and body weight by directly interacting with GLP-1 receptors in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and other regions. This action changes food preferences, decreases hunger, and helps with meal termination, all without reducing energy expenditure 147. These effects are seen with both injectable and oral forms of semaglutide .
Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Actions
Semaglutide has strong anti-inflammatory effects. It lowers levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) and reduces the production of pro-inflammatory factors in various tissues, including the heart and brain 1258910. In animal studies, semaglutide promotes the shift of immune cells (microglia) in the brain from a pro-inflammatory (M1) to an anti-inflammatory (M2) state, which may protect against neurodegeneration . In the heart, semaglutide reduces inflammation and oxidative stress by decreasing the expression of specific genes in neutrophils and fibroblasts, which may help prevent cardiac fibrosis and damage 810.
Cardiovascular and Kidney Protection
Semaglutide reduces cardiovascular risk by improving blood vessel function, reducing arterial stiffness, and lowering atherosclerosis progression. These benefits are partly due to its anti-inflammatory effects and its ability to improve lipid profiles and glucose control 1359. In the kidneys, semaglutide may protect against damage by reducing inflammation and hypoxia, which are key factors in the progression of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes .
Additional Metabolic and Cellular Effects
Semaglutide may also enhance metabolism by promoting the browning of adipose tissue, increasing mitochondrial function, and regulating autophagy (cellular cleanup processes). These effects could contribute to improved muscle and metabolic health, though most evidence for these actions comes from animal studies .
Conclusion
Semaglutide works through multiple mechanisms: it activates GLP-1 receptors to lower blood sugar and suppress appetite, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, and protects the heart, brain, and kidneys. These combined actions explain its benefits in diabetes, obesity, and related complications 12345678+2 MORE.
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