Side Effects Of High Blood Pressure Medication

Common Side Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs

High blood pressure medications, while effective in managing hypertension, often come with a range of side effects. These side effects can vary depending on the class of medication used.

Thiazide Diuretics

Thiazide diuretics, commonly used as a first-line treatment for hypertension, have been shown to reduce mortality and cardiovascular events. However, they can cause adverse effects such as electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, and increased urination. Withdrawal due to adverse effects is also higher with thiazides compared to placebo.

Beta-Blockers

Beta-blockers are another class of antihypertensive drugs that can reduce stroke and cardiovascular events but do not significantly reduce mortality. Common side effects include fatigue, cold extremities, and bradycardia. They also have a higher rate of withdrawal due to adverse effects.

ACE Inhibitors

ACE inhibitors are effective in reducing mortality, stroke, and coronary heart disease. However, they can cause side effects such as cough, elevated blood potassium levels, and kidney dysfunction. These side effects can lead to discontinuation of the medication in some patients.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Calcium channel blockers can reduce stroke and cardiovascular events but are less effective in reducing mortality. Side effects include peripheral edema, constipation, and dizziness. These drugs also have a higher rate of withdrawal due to adverse effects.

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

While ARBs are effective in lowering blood pressure, they can cause side effects such as dizziness, hyperkalemia, and renal impairment. The evidence on their impact on mortality and cardiovascular events is less robust compared to other classes.

Drug-Induced Hypertension

Certain medications can paradoxically cause an increase in blood pressure. This can occur through mechanisms such as sodium retention, activation of the sympathetic nervous system, or direct effects on vascular tone. Common culprits include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and some antidepressants .

Antidepressants

Antidepressants, particularly serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like venlafaxine, can cause significant increases in blood pressure, especially at higher doses. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) generally have a lower impact on blood pressure, making them a safer option for hypertensive patients .

Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in chronic renal failure, can cause increased blood pressure in about one-third of patients. This increase is not dose-dependent and usually occurs within the first four months of therapy. The mechanism is thought to involve increased blood viscosity and systemic vascular resistance.

Special Considerations in Pregnancy

Managing hypertension during pregnancy is crucial to prevent complications for both the mother and the baby. Hydralazine is commonly used, but it can cause maternal hypotension. Diazoxide and ketanserin are less effective and associated with more side effects, making them less favorable options.

Conclusion

While antihypertensive medications are essential for managing high blood pressure, they come with a range of side effects that can impact patient compliance and overall health. Understanding these side effects and carefully monitoring patients can help mitigate risks and improve treatment outcomes.

Side effects of high blood pressure medication

Summary

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