Side effects of vitamin k2 with d3

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Side Effects of Vitamin K2 with D3

Introduction to Vitamin K2 and D3 Supplementation

Vitamin K2 and D3 are often combined in supplements due to their synergistic effects on bone health and cardiovascular function. Vitamin D3 enhances calcium absorption, while Vitamin K2 helps direct calcium to the bones and away from arteries, potentially reducing the risk of arterial calcification. However, understanding the side effects of this combination is crucial for safe supplementation.

Bone Health and Metabolic Effects

Impact on Bone Mineral Density

Several studies have shown that the combination of Vitamin K2 and D3 can prevent bone mineral density loss. For instance, in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, this combination was as effective as Vitamin D3 alone in preventing prednisolone-induced bone mineral density loss . Similarly, in postmenopausal women, Vitamin K2 was found to suppress spinal bone mineral density loss, suggesting its potential in osteoporosis prevention .

Effects on Osteocalcin and Insulin Sensitivity

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, supplementation with Vitamin K2 and D3 significantly decreased glucose levels and improved insulin sensitivity. This combination also influenced osteocalcin levels, which are crucial for bone health . These findings indicate that while the combination is beneficial for metabolic health, monitoring is essential to avoid potential hypoglycemia in diabetic patients.

Cardiovascular Health

Coronary Artery Calcification

Vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation has been suggested to slow the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC), a predictor of cardiovascular events. A study protocol involving 400 participants aims to evaluate this effect over two years, with no reported adverse effects so far . This suggests a potential cardiovascular benefit, although long-term safety data are still needed.

Micro-Calcification in Carotid Artery Disease

The INTRICATE trial is investigating the impact of Vitamin K2 and D3 on micro-calcification in carotid artery disease using advanced imaging techniques. Preliminary results indicate that this combination could influence plaque composition and calcification, although the study is ongoing .

Periodontal Health

Gingival Inflammation and Alveolar Bone

In an experimental study on rats with periodontitis, Vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation did not significantly affect gingival inflammation or alveolar bone levels compared to conventional periodontal therapy alone . This suggests that while the combination may support bone health, its effects on periodontal disease are limited.

Cellular and Molecular Effects

Osteoblast Activity

In vitro studies on osteoblasts from diabetic mice showed that the combination of Vitamin K2 and D3 enhanced bone anabolic markers and calcium deposits, indicating a potential therapeutic strategy for diabetes-associated osteoporosis . However, these cellular effects need to be confirmed in human studies.

Conclusion

The combination of Vitamin K2 and D3 appears to offer several health benefits, particularly in bone and cardiovascular health. However, while no severe adverse effects have been reported, careful monitoring is essential, especially in diabetic patients and those with cardiovascular conditions. Further long-term studies are needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of this supplementation.

Sources and full results

Most relevant research papers on this topic

Effect of supplementation with vitamins D3 and K2 on undercarboxylated osteocalcin and insulin serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Vitamin D3 and K2 supplementation significantly decreases glucose levels and pancreatic beta cell function, while vitamin K2 supplementation reduces undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels.

RCTVery Rigorous Journal

2020·

11citations

·J. I. Aguayo-Ruiz et al.

Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine.

Vitamin K2 and D3 have similar protective effects on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine in chronic glomerulonephritis patients.

RCT

2004·

28citations

·K. Yonemura et al.

Effects of vitamins K2 and D3 supplementation in patients with severe coronary artery calcification: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Vitamin K2 and D3 supplementation may slow down coronary artery calcification in patients with severe calcification, potentially reducing cardiovascular events and death.

RCTLarge Human Trial

2023·

1citation

·S. Hasific et al.

Therapeutic effects of systemic vitamin k2 and vitamin d3 on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis.

Vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 supplementation alone or in combination did not significantly affect gingival inflammation or alveolar bone levels in rats with experimental periodontitis.

2015·

22citations

·K. Aral et al.

In vitro vitamin K(2) and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) combination enhances osteoblasts anabolism of diabetic mice.

Vitamin K2 and 1,25(OH)2D3 combination enhances osteoblast anabolism in diabetic mice, potentially offering a novel therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes-associated osteoporosis.

Non-RCTAnimal StudyRigorous Journal

2015·

30citations

·C. W. Poon et al.

Effects of Combined Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Na[18F]F PET/MRI in Patients with Carotid Artery Disease: The INTRICATE Rationale and Trial Design

Combined vitamin K2 and vitamin D3 supplementation may reduce micro-calcification in carotid artery disease patients, potentially opening new avenues for future large-scale randomized controlled trials.

RCTVery Rigorous Journal

2021·

2citations

·A. Florea et al.

A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy.

Vitamin K2 therapy may help prevent postmenopausal spinal bone mineral loss, but it should be started early in the postmenopausal period.

RCTHighly Cited

1999·

91citations

·I. Iwamoto et al.

The Combination of Ultraviolet-B and Vitamin K2 Exposure Effect on Fibroblast-like cell Number in Wistar Rats

The combination of UV-B exposure and vitamin K2 administration increases fibroblast-like cell number in Wistar rats, potentially benefiting bone formation.

RCT

2023·

0citations

·S. C. Nelwan et al.

Vitamin D3 and K2 and their potential contribution to reducing the COVID-19 mortality rate

Optimizing vitamin D3 levels, along with vitamin K2 and magnesium, may help reduce COVID-19 mortality rates and address vitamin D deficiency.

2020·

33citations

·Simon Goddek

The Impact of Vitamin K2 (Menaquionones) in Children’s Health and Diseases: A Review of the Literature

Vitamin K2 supplementation may improve bone mineralization, vascular stiffness, and brain development in children, with potential benefits for those with various health disorders.

Literature ReviewRigorous Journal

2022·

7citations

·Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska et al.

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