Squamous cancer
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10 papers analyzed
These studies suggest that squamous cell carcinoma can occur in various body sites, has potential for metastasis, and can be influenced by genetic, environmental, and viral factors, with early detection and targeted therapies improving outcomes.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Insights and Advances
Introduction to Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that arises from squamous cells, which are flat cells found in the skin and the lining of various organs. SCC is highly prevalent and can occur in different parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, and head and neck regions. This article synthesizes recent research on the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of SCC, with a focus on oral, lung, and cutaneous forms.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)
Metastasis and Etiology
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a significant health concern due to its high prevalence and mortality rate. OSCC has the potential for both regional and distant metastasis. Various potentially malignant disorders can transform into OSCC, driven by etiological factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and viral infections.
Diagnosis and Biomarkers
Traditional biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing OSCC. However, recent advancements highlight the potential of salivary biomarkers for early detection, which could improve prognosis by enabling earlier intervention.
Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Lung SCC)
Genomic Characterization
Lung squamous cell carcinoma is a common and deadly form of lung cancer. Comprehensive genomic profiling has revealed complex alterations, including a high number of mutations and genomic rearrangements. Key mutations involve genes such as TP53, NFE2L2, KEAP1, and pathways like the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase pathway. These findings suggest potential therapeutic targets, although no specific molecularly targeted agents have been developed yet .
Emerging Therapies
The discovery of genetic alterations in lung SCC has led to the development of targeted therapies. For instance, mutations in SOX2, FGFR1, and DDR2 have opened new avenues for treatment, offering hope for more effective management of this aggressive cancer.
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC)
Incidence and Risk Factors
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common skin cancers, with risk factors including advanced age, sun exposure, fair skin, and immunosuppression . cSCC can range from in situ forms like Bowen’s disease to invasive and metastatic forms.
Diagnosis and Staging
Accurate diagnosis of cSCC involves dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy, which enhance diagnostic accuracy. Staging systems such as the AJCC and UICC are used to stratify patients into high- and low-risk groups, guiding treatment decisions .
Treatment and Prevention
Surgical excision is the primary treatment for cSCC, with radiotherapy as an alternative for non-surgical candidates. Advanced cases may require systemic therapies, including immunotherapy with agents like Cemiplimab. Preventive measures, such as sun protection and the use of chemopreventive agents like nicotinamide, are also recommended .
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC)
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from various subsites, including the oral cavity, oropharynx, and larynx. Major risk factors include tobacco and alcohol use, as well as infections with oncogenic viruses like HPV, particularly in the oropharynx.
Treatment Approaches
Early-stage HNSCC is typically treated with surgery or radiotherapy, while advanced cases require multimodal treatment, including chemoradiation. Despite advances, molecular testing has not yet significantly influenced treatment selection.
Conclusion
Squamous cell carcinoma, whether occurring in the oral cavity, lungs, or skin, presents significant challenges due to its aggressive nature and potential for metastasis. Advances in genomic profiling and the development of targeted therapies offer hope for improved outcomes. Early detection through innovative diagnostic methods and preventive measures remains crucial in managing this pervasive disease.
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