States of matter particles
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States of Matter and Particle Behavior
Locality and Structure of Particle States in Relativistic Quantum Theory
In relativistic quantum theory, the principle of locality plays a crucial role in defining the properties of massive particle states. These particles can be considered as well-localized distributions of matter, even though their mathematical descriptions might involve non-local fields assigned to infinite string-like regions. Despite the non-locality, these particles adhere to Bose or Fermi statistics, have corresponding antiparticles, and can form collision states1.
Non-Abelian States of Matter and Quasiparticles
Traditional quantum mechanics classifies particles as either fermions or bosons, which is fundamental to understanding systems like lasers, metals, and superconductors. However, in certain two-dimensional systems, interactions can lead to the formation of quasiparticles that break this dichotomy. Non-Abelian states of matter are particularly intriguing because they create degenerate ground states, and interchanging identical quasiparticles can shift the system between these states. These non-Abelian states are being explored in systems exhibiting the fractional quantum Hall effect and hold potential for quantum computation2.
Swirlonic State of Active Matter
A novel state of active matter, known as the swirlonic state, has been identified. This state consists of swirlons, which are groups of active particles orbiting a common center of mass. Swirlons exhibit unique behavior, moving with a constant velocity proportional to an applied force, similar to objects in viscous media. They attract and coalesce into larger swirlons, leading to a rarified state of immobile quasi-particles. Additionally, active matter can exist in gaseous, liquid, and solid states, but unlike molecular systems, liquid and gaseous states do not coexist due to the absence of fast particles3.
Smectic-Like States in Active Matter
Research into the collective behavior of self-propelled particles has revealed new states of active matter, such as the smectic P state. In this state, active particles form stacked layers and self-propel along them. Identifying and classifying these non-equilibrium states and understanding the transitions between them is an ongoing effort in the field4.
Machine Learning in Classifying Phases of Matter
Machine learning techniques have proven effective in classifying condensed-matter phases and phase transitions. These techniques can detect non-trivial states lacking conventional order by analyzing complex data sets. Modern machine learning architectures, such as neural networks, can identify various types of order parameters and highly non-trivial states directly from raw state configurations, demonstrating their potential in condensed-matter physics5.
Quantum States of Neutrons in Gravitational Fields
Quantum states of matter are evident in various phenomena, such as the structure of atoms and atomic nuclei. Similarly, gravitational fields can lead to the formation of quantum states, although the gravitational force is much weaker than electromagnetic and nuclear forces. Experimental evidence shows that neutrons, due to their charge neutrality and long lifetime, can exhibit gravitational quantum bound states, where they jump from one height to another rather than moving continuously7.
Misconceptions About States of Matter Among Science Students
A study on Turkish science student teachers revealed several misconceptions about the states of matter. These include misunderstandings about the particulate structure of solids, liquids, and gases, the evaporation of liquids at any temperature, and the relationship between particle attraction forces and room temperature. Addressing these misconceptions is crucial for improving science education8.
Avoided Quasiparticle Decay in Strong Quantum Interactions
Quasiparticles, which are collective excitations behaving as single entities, typically become unstable at high energies due to many-particle excited states. However, strong quantum interactions can stabilize quasiparticles by pushing them out of the continuum, as observed in systems like the triangular-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet and liquid helium. This mechanism broadens our understanding of many-body excitations and offers new perspectives for stabilizing quantum matter9.
Transitions in the Supercritical State of Matter
The supercritical state of matter, traditionally viewed as homogeneous, can be separated into liquid-like and gas-like states near the critical point. The Frenkel line (FL) provides a way to distinguish these states based on dynamical transitions in particle motion. Experimental evidence from various techniques supports the existence of these transitions in supercritical substances like Ne, N2, CH4, C2H6, CO2, and H2O. This research enhances our theoretical understanding of the supercritical state and highlights open problems in the field10.
Conclusion
The study of states of matter and particle behavior spans a wide range of phenomena, from the principles of locality in quantum theory to the novel states of active matter and the application of machine learning in classifying phases. Understanding these states and their transitions is crucial for advancing both theoretical and practical knowledge in physics and material science.
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Most relevant research papers on this topic
Locality and the structure of particle states
Particles in relativistic quantum theory can be considered well localized distributions of matter, even with non-local fields, and can obey Bose- or Fermi statistics, have antiparticles, and experience collision states.
Highly CitedNon-Abelian states of matter
Non-Abelian states of matter, where quasiparticles break the fermion-boson dichotomy, may be useful for quantum computation in systems with the fractional quantum Hall effect.
Highly CitedSwirlonic state of active matter
Active matter can exist in a swirlonic state, a rare state characterized by immobile quasi-particles that move with constant velocity proportional to applied force, and coexist with gaseous, liquid, and solid states.
Rigorous JournalOn the way of classifying new states of active matter
New states of active matter, such as smectic P, are being discovered and classified, with future research focusing on transitions between these states.
Machine learning phases of matter
Modern machine learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks, can effectively identify condensed-matter phases and phase transitions, even in non-trivial states lacking conventional order.
Highly CitedParticle state change algorithm
The particle state change (PSC) algorithm effectively solves continuous optimization problems with higher intelligence, effectiveness, and lower computation complexity compared to existing algorithms.
Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field
Gravitational quantum bound states of neutrons can be observed experimentally, with particles falling towards a horizontal mirror and experiencing jumps in height, as predicted by quantum theory.
Highly CitedTurkish Science Student Teachers' Conceptions on the States of Matter
Turkish science student teachers have fourteen misconceptions about the states of matter, such as mentioning matter without specifying temperature and pressure, liquids evaporating at any temperature, and understanding particulate structures of solid, liquid, and gas substances.
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