Stimulants side effects
Pro Research Analysisby 
Searched over 200M research papers
Side Effects of Stimulant Medications
Common Side Effects of Stimulants in ADHD Treatment
Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (MPH) and dexamphetamine (DEX), are commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, these medications can cause various side effects. In children with ADHD, the most frequently reported side effects include decreased appetite, insomnia, stomachaches, and headaches . These side effects are generally mild and affect fewer than half of the children taking the medication .
In a comparative study, DEX was found to cause more severe insomnia and appetite suppression than MPH. Additionally, DEX was associated with more severe emotional side effects, such as irritability, proneness to crying, anxiousness, sadness, and nightmares . Despite these side effects, both medications were well tolerated by most subjects, with only a small percentage discontinuing due to severe adverse effects .
Cardiovascular and Weight Changes in Older Adults
In older adults with ADHD, stimulant medications can lead to cardiovascular side effects. A study found a small but significant increase in heart rate and a decrease in weight among older adults taking methylphenidate . Despite these changes, the medication was considered relatively safe and effective, provided that cardiovascular parameters were monitored .
Severe Psychiatric Side Effects
Stimulant medications can also lead to severe psychiatric side effects, although these are rare. Cases of stimulant-induced psychosis have been reported, where symptoms mimic those of ADHD in the early stages of the psychotic episode . These symptoms typically resolve upon discontinuation of the medication, but rechallenge with stimulant medication may be necessary due to the rapid reemergence of ADHD symptoms .
Adverse Effects in Drug Users
In a community sample of drug users, stimulants such as Ecstasy, cocaine, and amphetamines were associated with a wide range of adverse effects, including anxiety, depression, mood swings, paranoia, and panic attacks . Sleep and appetite disturbances were the most commonly reported problems. Amphetamines were linked to more severe adverse effects compared to Ecstasy and cocaine .
Stimulant Use in Youth with Epilepsy
For youth with both ADHD and epilepsy, stimulant medications have been shown to be effective without exacerbating seizures. In fact, caregivers reported fewer side effects following treatment for ADHD compared to baseline . This suggests that stimulant medications can be safely used in this population, provided that seizure activity is closely monitored .
Long-Term Effects and Psychosocial Impact
While stimulant medications are effective in improving attention and reducing hyperactivity in children with ADHD, long-term psychosocial adjustment appears to be unaffected by stimulant drug treatment . Additionally, some children may experience suppressed weight and height gain throughout treatment .
Conclusion
Stimulant medications are effective in managing ADHD symptoms but come with a range of potential side effects. These can include mild issues like decreased appetite and insomnia, as well as more severe psychiatric and cardiovascular effects. Monitoring and individualized treatment plans are essential to mitigate these risks and ensure the safe use of stimulant medications.
Sources and full results
Most relevant research papers on this topic